# Cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) in human body fluids: molecular characteristics, release mechanisms, and clinical translation—an updated review

## TL;DR

This review explores cf-mtDNA as a potential non-invasive biomarker for disease, covering its molecular traits, release mechanisms, and clinical potential.

## Contribution

The paper provides an updated and comprehensive review of cf-mtDNA's characteristics, release mechanisms, and clinical translation potential.

## Key findings

- cf-mtDNA is a promising non-invasive biomarker for disease diagnosis and prognosis.
- Standardization of detection methods is crucial for clinical translation of cf-mtDNA.
- Biological origins of cf-mtDNA remain incompletely understood, limiting its clinical use.

## Abstract

Since its discovery, cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) has emerged as a promising non-invasive molecular marker for disease diagnosis and prognosis. However, the biological origins of cf-mtDNA remain incompletely understood, which limits its clinical applications. This review comprehensively summarizes the molecular characteristics, release mechanisms, and diagnostic applications of cf-mtDNA. By discussing standardization of cf-mtDNA detection methods, this review aims to provide theoretical foundations for clinical translation of this emerging biomarker.