# Why would individuals use indoor positioning systems? A study from a potential user interface perspective

## TL;DR

This study explores why people might use indoor positioning systems by evaluating user interface mock-ups and analyzing user intentions.

## Contribution

The study extends the UTAUT2 model to evaluate prototype-based indoor positioning system user interfaces.

## Key findings

- Performance expectancy had the strongest positive effect on behavioral intention to use IPS.
- Social influence, price value, and habit also positively influenced behavioral intention.
- Effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, and hedonic motivation did not significantly affect intention.

## Abstract

Indoor positioning systems (IPS) differ from outdoor navigation in technological foundations and typical use cases, yet real-world deployments remain relatively rare. For an early-stage acceptance evaluation, literature-derived IPS functions were implemented as an interactive, task-based UI mock-up for a university setting. UTAUT2 was assessed with a pooled sample of 181 potential users across three independent data collections using PLS-SEM with one-tailed BCa bootstrap confidence intervals (90%; 5%/95% bounds). Performance expectancy showed the largest positive association with behavioral intention (β = 0.585, CI [0.480; 0.678]). Social influence (β = 0.179, CI [0.115; 0.245]), price value under a communicated one-time fee of €0.99 (β = 0.179, CI [0.096; 0.260]), and habit (β = 0.179, CI [0.097; 0.265]) also related positively to intention (R² = 0.781). Effort expectancy (β = −0.051, CI [−0.136; 0.023]), facilitating conditions (β = −0.027, CI [−0.108; 0.046]), and hedonic motivation (β = −0.002, CI [−0.109; 0.113]) were not supported; a robustness model indicated a negative age × price value interaction (β = −0.164, CI [−0.314; −0.071]). The findings extend UTAUT2 evidence to prototype-based IPS UI evaluation and suggest that performance-related beliefs dominate early intention formation. Practically, prototype concepts should prioritize and clearly communicate features that reduce uncertainty, time cost, and search effort in complex indoor environments. Because the stimulus was a UI mock-up and the outcome was self-reported intention, IPS-specific technical frictions (e.g., localization inaccuracies, latency, route deviations) and sustained real-world use were not observed, which may limit transferability to deployed IPS.