# Bat guano fertilizer as a source of Betacoronavirus: First molecular evidence linking Rhinolophus coelophyllus to viral reservoirs in Thailand

## TL;DR

This study found coronavirus in bat guano fertilizer in Thailand, linking it to a specific bat species and highlighting public health risks.

## Contribution

First molecular evidence linking Rhinolophus coelophyllus to Betacoronavirus in commercial bat guano fertilizer in Thailand.

## Key findings

- One out of 41 bat guano samples tested positive for Betacoronavirus with 98.91% sequence similarity.
- The BetaCoV-positive sample was traced to Rhinolophus coelophyllus via COI gene analysis and sequencing.
- This is the first report of Betacoronavirus in commercial bat guano fertilizer in Thailand.

## Abstract

Commercial bat guano fertilizers distributed in Thailand were screened for the presence of coronavirus genomes to assess potential public health risks. A total of 41 samples were analyzed for Alphacoronavirus (AlphaCoV) and Betacoronavirus (BetaCoV) using partial Spike (S) gene sequences. Two samples (4.88%) tested positive for AlphaCoV, showing 97.08–99.27% sequence similarity, while one sample (2.44%) was positive for BetaCoV with 98.91% similarity. Due to the greater relevance of BetaCoVs to human health, the BetaCoV-positive sample underwent host identification via partial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene analysis and next-generation sequencing. The results revealed Rhinolophus coelophyllus as the likely natural reservoir. This study provides the first evidence of bat-derived BetaCoV genome in a commercial fertilizer in Thailand and highlights the importance of monitoring wildlife-derived products for emerging zoonotic viruses.