# Proteomic mapping of Rosa damascena nanovesicles reveals plastid mitochondrial metabolic convergence and antimicrobial peptides

## TL;DR

This study identifies proteins in Rosa damascena nanovesicles that may support cross-kingdom metabolic and immune functions, including potential antimicrobial activity.

## Contribution

The study reveals conserved metabolic pathways and antimicrobial peptides in Rosa damascena nanovesicles with potential cross-kingdom functions.

## Key findings

- RD-NVs contain proteins involved in plastid and mitochondrial metabolism with human orthologs linked to metabolic disorders.
- The nanovesicles carry peptides similar to known antimicrobial peptides, suggesting roles in plant and human defense.
- RD-NVs show biocompatibility and internalization in RAW264.7 macrophages, supporting cross-kingdom interaction potential.

## Abstract

Rosa damascena exhibits diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and skin-protective effects, largely attributed through its rich phytochemical composition. In parallel, plant-derived nanovesicles (PD-NVs) have emerged as natural nanocarriers that transport bioactive cargos capable of modulating recipient cell functions across kingdoms. In this study, Rosa damascena derived nanovesicles (RD-NVs) were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized by Transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, zeta potential measurement, and SDS-PAGE to confirm their vesicular nature, size distribution, and protein cargo profile. LC‒MS/MS-based proteomics, followed by annotation against NCBI and UniProt, and comparative BLASTP mapping to plant and human proteins, revealed 75 proteins shared with plant, Arabidopsis and human orthologs, which were further analyzed using interaction networks and hub detection together with GO and KEGG enrichment. RD-NVs (size, 40–100 nm; surface charge, −25 to −40 mV) carry proteins involved mainly in plastid transcription, ribosomal function, and photosynthetic electron transport in plants, whereas human mapped orthologs were enriched in oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial function, arginine-proline, taurine, and hypotaurine metabolism, suggesting that RD-NV hub proteins may interfere with metabolic pathways associated with obesity, insulin resistance, fatty liver, type 2 diabetes, and related inflammatory and neuroinflammatory disorders. Moreover, the peptides of the RD-NVs revealed similarities with multiple reported antimicrobial peptides therefore, might actively participate in plant and human defense system. Overall, this study reveals that the RD-NV proteome contains conserved pathways that may support metabolic and immune-related functions in cross-kingdom contexts. To validate cross-kingdom interaction in vitro, the RD-NVs were treated with the RAW264.7 macrophage which showed significant biocompatibility with a particle range of up to 8.94 × 108 and cellular internalization.