# Electrohydrodynamic printing technology: mechanisms, control, and applications

## TL;DR

This paper explores electrohydrodynamic printing, a high-resolution manufacturing technique, and discusses its mechanisms, control methods, and potential industrial applications.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive overview of EHD printing mechanisms and control strategies, advancing its potential for industrial use.

## Key findings

- EHD printing offers high-resolution and material compatibility suitable for various applications.
- Challenges remain in scaling up EHD printing for industrial production.
- Recent applications include electronics, biomedicine, and optical components.

## Abstract

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing is an advanced micro/nanoscale additive manufacturing technique. Owing to its high-resolution capability, broad material compatibility, diverse printing modes, and low cost, it has attracted widespread attention. Nevertheless, significant challenges remain in transitioning EHD printing from the laboratory to large-scale industrial production. This paper elucidates the mechanisms of EHD printing and details control methods for high-resolution, controllable micro/nanopattern fabrication, including process-parameter optimization, rheological design of functional inks, and innovations in system architecture. We summarize recent applications in electronic devices, biomedicine, and optical components, and discuss development directions and prospects for industrial adoption.