# Targeting mitochondrial deubiquitinase USP30 to induce mitophagy in heteroplasmic mitochondrial diseases

## TL;DR

This study explores whether inhibiting USP30 can help treat mitochondrial diseases by boosting mitophagy, but finds limited effectiveness in reducing harmful mtDNA mutations.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is investigating USP30 inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy for heteroplasmic mitochondrial diseases.

## Key findings

- MF-094 increased mitophagy via mitolysosome formation and mitochondrial ubiquitination.
- Chronic USP30 inhibition caused only a small, non-significant reduction in mutant mtDNA load.
- Cells with mutant mtDNA showed metabolic impairments under oxidative and glycolytic conditions.

## Abstract

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases are heterogeneous and lack effective treatments. Their severity correlates with mutant mtDNA load. Mitophagy degrades dysfunctional mitochondria, contributing to a healthy mitochondrial pool. USP30, a mitochondrial deubiquitinase, limits mitophagy by removing the ubiquitin tagging mitochondria for degradation. We investigated whether inhibiting USP30 could enhance mitophagy and reduce mutant mtDNA load in a heteroplasmic mitochondrial disease.

Cybrids cells harboring mutant m.8993T > G mtDNA - common cause of NARP syndrome and maternally inherited Leigh syndrome (MILS) - were treated with USP30 inhibitor MF-094 under glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation conditions. On-target activity of MF-094 was assessed by mitochondrial ubiquitination (western-blot) and mitolysosome formation (microscopy). The mutation’s effects were investigated on cell proliferation and metabolism (respirometry and ATP levels). The impact of MF-094 on mutant mtDNA load and mtDNA copy number was quantified by PCR.

Comparing with control cells (0% mutant mtDNA), cells with mutant mtDNA exhibited reduced proliferation and ATP levels under oxidative phosphorylation conditions; and reduced oxygen consumption, increased extracellular acidification, and sustained resazurin metabolism after mitochondrial inhibition under glycolytic conditions. MF-094 induced mitophagy via increased mitolysosome formation. Mechanistically, MF-094 showed on-target effects, increasing mitochondrial ubiquitination. However, chronic treatment (3–6 weeks) evoked only a small (5%) non-significant reduction in mutant mtDNA load.

Despite inducing mitophagy, the USP30 inhibitor MF-094 showed little potential to manage m.8993T > G related diseases, as it did not significantly reduce the load of this NARP/MILS causing mtDNA mutation. These results highlight the complexity of mutant mtDNA management and the need for innovative strategies for these disorders.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43440-026-00829-7.