# 18F-FDG PET radiomic analysis to predict outcomes in metastatic melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors

## TL;DR

This study uses FDG-PET scans to develop a radiomic model that predicts which metastatic melanoma patients will benefit from immunotherapy.

## Contribution

A novel radiomic model (MEL-RAD) based on FDG-PET/CT is developed to predict 1-year progression-free survival in melanoma patients treated with immunotherapy.

## Key findings

- The MEL-RAD model achieved an AUC of 0.74 in predicting 1-year progression-free survival.
- Patients with high MEL-RAD scores had significantly worse progression-free and overall survival.
- The model was validated across two independent patient cohorts.

## Abstract

Cutaneous melanoma (CM) incidence is rising, and despite advances in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), many metastatic patients do not respond or develop resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of a pre-treatment FDG-PET/CT-based radiomic model (MEL-RAD) for predicting 1-year progression-free survival (1y-PFS) in metastatic CM patients treated with first-line ICI.

We retrospectively included 154 metastatic CM patients from two centers who underwent pre-treatment FDG-PET/CT before ICI initiation. Patients were split into a development cohort (n=95) and an independent testing cohort (n=59). Radiomic features were extracted and harmonized to reduce inter-cohort variability. A two-step feature selection identified three key wavelet-transformed texture features used to build the MEL-RAD predictive model. The model’s performance was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Survival analyses (progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS)) were performed with Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier methods.

In the development cohort, MEL-RAD achieved an AUC of 0.74 (p<0.0001) for predicting 1y-PFS. Using a 55% probability threshold, sensitivity was 93.8%, specificity 31.9%, with positive and negative predictive values of 58.4% and 83.4%, respectively. Patients with MEL-RAD >55% had significantly worse PFS (HR = 2.73, p=0.0009) and OS (HR = 3.20, p=0.0003). These results were externally validated: in the testing cohort, MEL-RAD positivity remained significantly associated with poorer PFS (HR = 2.73, p=0.047), and showed non-significant for OS.

The MEL-RAD radiomic model based on pre-treatment FDG-PET/CT offers a non-invasive biomarker to stratify metastatic CM patients treated with immunotherapy.