# The field situation heuristics effect in online emergencies: the formation mechanism and differences of audience cognitive bias

## TL;DR

This study explores how situational heuristics in online emergencies lead to audience cognitive biases, affecting public opinion and social stability.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel theoretical framework integrating field theory and heuristic processing to explain cognitive bias formation in online emergencies.

## Key findings

- Anchoring, representativeness, and availability heuristics significantly influence cognitive biases through adaptive expectations and implicit attributions.
- Representativeness heuristics have the strongest impact on cognitive biases, followed by availability and anchoring heuristics.
- The effect of heuristics on cognitive biases varies significantly across demographic groups.

## Abstract

In the contemporary digital communication environment, online emergencies often trigger cognitive biases among audiences, affecting the health of public opinion ecosystems and potentially threatening social stability. While existing research has largely focused on the manifestations and consequences of cognitive biases, the formation mechanisms, particularly the role of contextual factors in the online environment, remain understudied. This study examines how field situational heuristics influence cognitive biases in online emergencies through the mediating pathways of adaptive expectations and implicit attributions.

This research integrates field theory and heuristic information processing theory to construct a theoretical framework. Using anchoring heuristics, representativeness heuristics, and availability heuristics as independent variables, cognitive bias as the dependent variable, and adaptive expectations and implicit attributions as mediating variables, data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using structural equation modeling with AMOS 22.0 statistical software.

The findings reveal that: (1) in online emergencies, anchoring heuristics, representativeness heuristics, and availability heuristics exert a significantly positive influence on cognitive biases, mediated by adaptive expectations and implicit attributions; (2) representativeness heuristics have the greatest impact on cognitive biases, followed by availability heuristics, and finally anchoring heuristics; (3) the effect of contextual heuristics on cognitive biases exhibits significant demographic differences both between and within groups.

The findings provide theoretical insights for improving online public opinion governance and enhancing audience media literacy. The study highlights the importance of understanding how situational heuristics shape cognitive outcomes in digital communication environments and offers practical implications for managing information dissemination during online emergencies.