Detection of non-tuberculous mycobacteria and other bacterial pathogens in dental unit waterlines, 2024, Germany: a microbiological single-centre study

TL;DR

This study found high levels of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in dental waterlines in Germany, raising concerns about infection risks and the need for better water quality control.

Contribution

The study provides new empirical data on the prevalence of specific NTM species in dental unit waterlines in a German medical center.

Findings

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) were detected in 83% of dental unit waterline samples.

Mycobacterium chimaera was the most commonly identified species among NTM.

Some samples contained multiple pathogens, including combinations of NTM with Legionella or Pseudomonas.

Abstract

Dental unit waterlines (DUWL) might pose infection risks due to the presence of biofilms. A global outbreak of Mycobacterium (M.) chimaera through water-carrying medical devices in cardiac surgery highlighted the importance of water for pathogen transmission. We aimed to assess the presence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), Legionella spp., and Pseudomonas (P.) spp. in DUWLs in one tertiary medical centre in Germany to evaluate their potential role as causative agents of infections linked to dental procedures.

We conducted a cross-sectional, microbiological single-centre study at Saarland University Medical Centre in Homburg, Germany from May to July 2024. We examined 42 DUWLs once before the daily patient care started. After DUWL flushing, 500 mL water samples were collected. Legionella spp. were detected after up to 10 days of incubation, Pseudomonas (P.) spp. via membrane filtration and 48-hour incubation, and NTM using liquid and solid cultures with up to eight weeks of incubation. Clinically relevant NTM species such as M. chimaera and M. chelonae were identified using a GenoType line probe assay. We calculated frequencies and proportions of positive samples.

Bacterial growth was detected in 36 of 42 water samples. A total of 43 NTM species were detected in 35 (83%) water samples. The most common species was M. chimaera (n=27), followed by M. chelonae (n=7), M. gordonae (n=4), M. interjectum (n=4), and M. mucogenicum (n=1). Multiple NTM species were detected in five samples, including one with four distinct species. One specimen contained only Legionella spp., while two of the samples harbored two pathogens each: P. aeruginosa with M. chimaera, and Legionella spp. with M. chelonae.

The large proportion of NTM detection highlights the importance of frequent bacterial monitoring in DUWLs for enhanced water quality control, which is not commonly implemented. Further research is needed to address the clinical relevance of NTM in DUWL and to evaluate measures to improve patient safety, such as the use of various disinfectant methods to sustainably reduce NTM concentrations.

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