# Between Order and Confusion: Clearing up Structural Misconceptions in Carbon Materials Nomenclature

## TL;DR

This paper clarifies confusing terms for carbon materials by linking IUPAC definitions to structural characterization techniques like X-ray and Raman.

## Contribution

The paper systematically clarifies terminology for graphene-based carbon materials using IUPAC definitions and experimental data.

## Key findings

- Inconsistent terminology in carbon materials leads to miscommunication and misinterpretation.
- X-ray scattering and Raman spectroscopy can distinguish between graphite, graphitic, non-graphitic, and amorphous carbon.
- Clear definitions and characterization are essential for accurate material classification and application.

## Abstract

Carbon materials are of increasing importance for various applications especially in the field of energy storage and conversion as well as electrocatalysis, and thus, they are essential for the worldwide transition toward an emission‐free economy. Hence, various carbonaceous materials with different levels of order of graphene stacks are discussed in current literature. However, precise characterization or even the correct terminology of the respective material is often neglected, leading to miscommunication and misinterpretation throughout the carbon community, especially with respect to “amorphous” carbon. Here, we aim to clarify the terms describing different graphene‐containing carbon materials, namely graphite, graphitic carbon, non‐graphitic carbon, and amorphous carbon. We recall the IUPAC definitions of these materials and correlate them with characteristic X‐ray scattering patterns as well as Raman spectra, being the most widespread and appropriate characterization techniques. Thereby, this scientific perspective strives toward raising awareness for fine structural differences and the need for a consistent characterization and description of these carbon materials.

Despite the versatile use of carbon materials, inconsistent terminology and inadequate characterization – especially regarding graphene structures based on sp2‐hybridized carbon atoms – often cause confusion. This perspective clarifies terms like graphite, graphitic carbon, non‐graphitic carbon, and amorphous carbon by aligning IUPAC definitions with X‐ray scattering and Raman data, highlighting how structural differences impact material characterization and classification.