# Assembly of a pangenome uncovers novel non-reference unique insertion sequences in cattle highlighting their genetic diversity

## TL;DR

A cattle pangenome reveals new genetic insertions linked to traits like milk production, showing the importance of breed diversity in genomic studies.

## Contribution

The study introduces a cattle pangenome graph revealing thousands of novel non-reference insertions associated with economically important traits.

## Key findings

- 101,219 structural variations were identified, including 33,634 non-reference unique insertions (NRUIs).
- NRUIs were enriched in QTL regions linked to milk production and morphological traits.
- Two NRUIs in the Normande breed were specifically associated with milk and morphology traits.

## Abstract

The current cattle reference genome, derived from a single Hereford cow, does not capture the full spectrum of genetic diversity present within the species. Moreover, detecting structural variations (SVs ≥ 50 nucleotides long) remains challenging using only standard approaches of either short or long-read sequence approaches against a linear reference genome. Recent advances in long-read sequencing technologies and graph-based assembly now enable the construction of breed-specific pangenomes, revealing previously uncharacterized genomic regions that may contribute to important agricultural traits.

In this study we constructed a cattle pangenome graph using 16 high-quality haplotype-resolved genome assemblies originating from nine breeds representing the diversity of French cattle populations, and including yak (Bos grunniens) as a close outgroup species. Using a trio-based strategy combined with complementary sequencing technologies and bioinformatics methods, we identified and characterized 101,219 structural variations. Of these, 33,634 were classified as non-reference unique insertions (NRUIs), adding several megabases of novel genomic sequences absent from the current Hereford reference genome.

Analysis of the distribution of these NRUIs revealed significant genome-wide enrichment within QTL regions associated with milk production and morphological traits, suggesting their contribution to the genetic basis of economically relevant phenotypes. Furthermore, their functional annotation highlighted two NRUIs located within the intronic regions of ARMH3 and EPHA5, both specific to the Normande breed and significantly associated with milk production and morphological traits, respectively.

Our findings demonstrate the value of pangenome approaches to uncover functionally relevant SVs, particularly NRUIs, that are systematically not in the current reference genome. By linking these variants to economically important traits, our work underscores the need to incorporate breed diversity into future genomic analyses and reference-building efforts in cattle.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-026-01373-3.