# Expanding the Toolbox of Multi-Material Three-Dimensional-Printed Electrochemical Flow Cells Fabricated in a Single Step: Impinging Jet, Mixing and Dilution, and Dual-Electrode Generator–Collector Electrochemical Cells

## TL;DR

This paper introduces new 3D-printed electrochemical devices that can be used for sensing and analysis, offering advanced features like fluid mixing and dual-electrode systems.

## Contribution

The study expands 3D-printed electrochemical devices to include impinging jet, mixing, and dual-electrode generator–collector cells in a single fabrication step.

## Key findings

- 3D printing can create complex electrochemical devices with internal voids and advanced functionalities.
- The mixing circuit achieved 100-fold dilutions with accuracy comparable to traditional volumetric methods.
- Generator–collector cells showed high collection efficiency under optimized conditions.

## Abstract

Hydrodynamic electrochemical
cells have broad utility
in sensing,
electrocatalysis, mechanistic studies, and electroanalysis. Here,
we report on the expansion of hydrodynamic electrochemical devices
that can be fabricated using 3D printing beyond channel flow electrodes
to include impinging jet electrodes, a dilution/mixing circuit for
in-channel detection of electroactive species, and dual-electrode
generator–collector cells. These examples highlight the ability
of 3D printing to produce intricate structures with internal voids,
enhance analytical functionality, and enable sophisticated operations
such as fluid mixing and generation–collection in simple, monolithic
devices that do not require alignment, clamping, or assembly. To promote
adoption by the wider electrochemical community, we provide printable
.stl files as part of the manuscript. Device performance was evaluated
in both stagnant and flowing solutions of ferrocene methanol, an outer-sphere
redox mediator suitable for characterizing the transport characteristics
and electrochemical performance of the devices. All devices exhibited
responses consistent with Levich behavior for their respective geometries.
The mixing circuit achieved 100-fold dilutions with results in excellent
agreement with solutions prepared using volumetric glassware, while
the generator–collector cell demonstrated high collection efficiencies
under optimized conditions. These results establish 3D printing as
a versatile, accessible approach for fabricating hydrodynamic electrochemical
devices with advanced capabilities and pave the way for customizable,
high-performance devices suitable for electroanalysis, electrocatalysis,
and sensing applications.