# Unraveling bulk degradation mechanisms of wide-bandgap perovskite absorbers for tandem applications

## TL;DR

This paper reviews the bulk degradation mechanisms in wide-bandgap perovskite materials used in solar cells and proposes strategies to improve their stability for commercial use.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of intrinsic factors causing instability in wide-bandgap perovskites and outlines strategies to address these issues.

## Key findings

- Compositional inhomogeneities and crystallization-driven disorder are key factors in the instability of wide-bandgap perovskites.
- Inorganic WBG absorbers like CsPbI3 are limited by their tendency to convert to non-perovskite phases.
- Crystallization pathways and nanoscale impurities contribute to degradation initiation in perovskite absorbers.

## Abstract

Wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite absorbers play a pivotal role in enabling high-efficiency tandem solar cells; yet, their long-term operational stability remains a significant hurdle to commercialization. Although interface engineering has led to promising progress, these improvements have not yet translated into the level of stability required for market readiness. Recent studies increasingly highlight the intrinsic instability of the perovskite bulk as a key limiting factor. This review examines the underlying mechanisms that compromise bulk stability in WBG perovskites (1.65–1.8 eV), covering both mixed-cation mixed-halide absorbers and fully inorganic systems such as CsPbI3. Particular attention is given to the intrinsic factors that compromise the long-term stability of WBG perovskites, including compositional inhomogeneities, crystallization-driven disorder, insufficient crystallinity and texture, nanoscale phase impurities, and intrinsic phase-instability phenomena. Mixed-cation mixed-halide formulations, widely used to access tandem-relevant bandgaps, frequently exhibit spatially uneven elemental distributions and light- or thermally induced halide segregation, both of which introduce structural and electronic disorder. In parallel, inorganic WBG absorbers such as CsPbI3 are predominantly limited by their strong propensity for converting to non-perovskite phases. In both material families, the crystallization pathway critically dictates the spatial distribution of components and the incorporation of defects. The resulting heterogeneities, together with nanoscale impurities and secondary phases, serve as initiation sites for absorber degradation under operational conditions. This review discusses emerging strategies aimed at overcoming these challenges, including compositional engineering, crystallization control, and targeted passivation. By addressing the root causes of bulk instability, this work outlines guidance toward achieving the long-term stability required for WBG perovskites in tandem photovoltaic technologies.

Wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite absorbers play a pivotal role in enabling high-efficiency tandem solar cells; yet, their long-term operational stability remains a significant hurdle to commercialization.