# Biomechanical differences between novice and experienced runners: a systematic review

## TL;DR

Novice runners show less stable and coordinated gait patterns than experienced runners, which may increase injury risk.

## Contribution

A systematic review synthesizing biomechanical differences between novice and experienced runners to clarify injury mechanisms.

## Key findings

- Novice runners show greater spatiotemporal variability and weaker proximal muscle control.
- Inconsistent findings were observed in knee kinematics and ankle motion patterns.
- Standardized definitions and protocols are needed to better understand injury risks in novice runners.

## Abstract

Running offers substantial physical and psychological health benefits, however, novice runners experience a markedly higher incidence of running-related injuries than experienced runners. Differences in biomechanical characteristics between these groups contributed to this elevated risk, but findings remain inconsistent and need to be synthesized. This study aims to synthesize evidence on biomechanical differences between novice and experienced runners.

A systematic search was conducted to identify studies published between 2004 and December 2025. Fourteen eligible studies (n = 457 runners) were included for analysis. Data were extracted on study characteristics, definitions of running experience, biomechanical variables, and the risk of bias was assessed using the NIH tool.

Included studies consistently reported that novice runners exhibited greater spatiotemporal variability, larger joint ranges of motion along with weaker proximal muscle control, poorer coordination, and lower dynamic stability compared with experienced runners. However, inconsistencies were observed in knee kinematic findings, particularly in knee flexion–extension and ankle motion patterns.

Novice runners exhibit less stable and less coordinated gait patterns, reflecting reduced neuromuscular control and higher injury susceptibility. Standardized, multidimensional definitions of running experience and more rigorous biomechanical protocols are needed to clarify these mechanisms and guide targeted injury-prevention strategies.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=607126, identifier CRD42024607126.