# Case Report: Immune reconstitution–related neurological deterioration in advanced HIV infection with multiple opportunistic infections: a diagnostic challenge

## TL;DR

A 26-year-old man with advanced HIV developed severe neurological issues after starting treatment, highlighting the diagnostic challenges of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

## Contribution

This case report highlights the diagnostic complexity of IRIS in advanced HIV with multiple opportunistic infections.

## Key findings

- Neurological deterioration occurred shortly after ART initiation in a patient with advanced HIV.
- IRIS-related inflammation, possibly linked to CNS tuberculosis, was the most plausible diagnosis.
- The case illustrates the difficulty in distinguishing IRIS from other opportunistic infections like toxoplasmosis and syphilis.

## Abstract

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a serious complication following antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in patients with advanced HIV infection, particularly when the central nervous system is involved and multiple opportunistic infections coexist. We report the case of a 26-year-old man with newly diagnosed advanced HIV infection who developed rapid neurological deterioration shortly after ART initiation during hospitalization. Neuroimaging revealed a necrotic central nervous system mass lesion with extensive edema and mass effect. Serological testing demonstrated prior exposure to Toxoplasma gondii and active Treponema pallidum infection. Despite broad antimicrobial therapy, corticosteroids, and supportive care, the patient experienced progressive clinical deterioration and died. Retrospective reassessment of the clinical course, imaging findings, epidemiological context, and treatment response suggested an IRIS-related inflammatory process, with central nervous system tuberculosis–associated IRIS representing the most plausible underlying mechanism, while toxoplasmosis and syphilis were considered potential concomitant or confounding conditions. This case underscores the diagnostic complexity of IRIS in advanced HIV infection and highlights the importance of a cautious, probabilistic, and evidence-based approach to avoid etiologic misclassification in severe neurological presentations.