# Advances in the prevention and prenatal treatment of spina bifida

## TL;DR

This review discusses recent advances in preventing and treating spina bifida, focusing on prenatal interventions and improved outcomes for patients.

## Contribution

The paper highlights innovative prenatal surgical techniques and emerging therapies like stem cells and 3D printing for spina bifida.

## Key findings

- Folic acid supplementation has significantly reduced new spina bifida cases.
- In-utero surgical techniques are evolving with hybrid open and minimally invasive methods.
- Emerging technologies like stem cell therapy and 3D printing are redefining treatment goals.

## Abstract

Spina bifida is a neural tube defect (NTD) that arises when the neural tube fails to close properly during early development. This review focuses on myelomeningocele (MMC), the most common severe form of spina bifida, which often leads to motor and sensory impairments, including lower limb weakness or paralysis, as well as renal, urological, orthopedic, developmental, and psychosocial challenges. We explore the etiology, pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis, and management of spina bifida, with a special emphasis on in-utero surgical repair. Over the past several decades, researchers and clinicians have made remarkable strides across all stages of care from prevention to postnatal outcomes. Widespread use of folic acid supplementation has significantly reduced the number of new cases. Advances in prenatal imaging and diagnostics now allow for earlier and more accurate detection, enabling timely intervention. In-utero surgical techniques continue to evolve, with innovative hybrid approaches that combine the strengths of open and minimally invasive methods. The momentum in this field shows no sign of slowing. Promising developments in stem cell therapy, biomaterials, robotic-assisted surgery, 3D printing, and enhanced imaging are redefining treatment goals in spina bifida. With each advance, clinicians gain better tools to improve outcomes for both mother and child, minimizing risks and maximizing long-term health and quality of life for both patients.