# Follow-up of health-related physical fitness elements in mild intellectual disability for three years: a sex comparison

## TL;DR

This study tracks physical fitness changes in boys and girls with mild intellectual disability over three years, finding that boys generally improved more in certain areas.

## Contribution

The study provides longitudinal evidence of sex differences in physical fitness development among children with mild intellectual disability.

## Key findings

- Boys showed more favorable improvements in body mass, height, aerobic endurance, and handgrip strength over time.
- BMI, trunk lift, and flexibility development were similar for both boys and girls.
- Girls with MID may need targeted programs to improve aerobic endurance and muscle strength.

## Abstract

Children with mild intellectual disability (MID) have significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and cognitive, social, and motor skill behaviors. Understanding the development of physical fitness in boys and girls with MID, and identifying sex-related differences can help devise interventional programs to improve physical fitness in these groups. The aim of this study was to compare sex differences in the time-dependent changes in health-related physical fitness components in individuals with MID. A longitudinal design was employed over three years. A total of 111 individuals with MID (46 girls and 65 boys) aged between 10 and 14 years (mean age 11.97 ± 1.39 years) participated in the study. The physical fitness levels of the participants were assessed using the Brockport Physical Fitness Test (BPFT) battery. The tests included body composition (body height, body mass, and body mass index), aerobic endurance (15 m Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test), and musculoskeletal function (dominant handgrip strength, back-saver sit-and-reach, and trunk lift). The results revealed that, over time, the longitudinal developmental trajectories for body mass, body height, aerobic endurance, and dominant handgrip strength were more favorable for boys. However, the longitudinal development curves for body mass index (BMI), trunk lift, and flexibility were similar for both boys and girls. The findings of this study provide valuable evidence for developing targeted physical activity programs for individuals with MID, and demonstrate the need for programs aimed at increasing aerobic endurance and muscle strength in girls with MID.