# Bioengineering approaches to dynamic impact analysis for cranial fracture interpretation in arcaheology

## TL;DR

This study uses controlled experiments to understand how cranial fractures form, helping archaeologists distinguish between violent and non-violent events in the past.

## Contribution

The study introduces a dynamic fracture-mechanics framework for interpreting archaeological cranial fractures using impact energy and bone thickness.

## Key findings

- Impact energy is the most reliable parameter for assessing fracture severity, with a threshold of around 2000 N.
- Bone thickness significantly influences cranial resistance to impact.
- Focal surfaces produce depressed and comminuted fractures, while broad surfaces generate linear fractures.

## Abstract

Cranial fractures are widely documented in archaeological contexts, yet the application of fracture mechanics to differentiate traumatic events remains limited. This study analyses a dataset of 234 human cadavers subjected to 329 experimentally controlled blunt-impact tests, examining mechanical variables and fracture patterns that could be relevant to archaeological interpretation. The results show substantial methodological variability across the analysed studies. Analysis of these studies indicates that impact energy is the most reliable parameter for assessing fracture severity, suggesting a preliminary fracture threshold of around 2000 N, and that bone thickness is a major determinant of cranial resistance. Clear differences in fracture morphology according to impact surface were also observed: focal surfaces frequently produce depressed and comminuted fractures, whereas broad surfaces predominantly generate linear fractures. These data provide a framework for archaeological analysis: bone thickness, fracture morphology, and the presence and distribution of secondary fractures offer indirect but informative proxies for impact energy and surface characteristics, which could help to distinguish violent from non-violent events. This study emphasizes the need for dynamic fracture-mechanics approaches and targeted experimental work to better characterise archaeological impacts.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-38313-0.