# Virulence and pathotype variability for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici across different geographical regions and epidemic zones of China

## TL;DR

This study analyzes the virulence patterns of wheat stripe rust in China to guide disease management and resistance breeding.

## Contribution

The study introduces new virulence race data and validates the effectiveness of Yr single-gene differentials for Pst identification.

## Key findings

- 54 Pst races were identified, with CYR34, CYR32, and CYR33 being the most prevalent.
- Yr single-gene differentials detected 63 races, showing higher discriminatory power than Chinese differentials.
- Most isolates showed high virulence against tested varieties and single-gene lines, except for specific resistant lines.

## Abstract

Wheat Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), poses a significant threat to wheat production globally. Understanding regional virulence patterns is crucial for effective resistance gene deployment and sustainable disease management. A total of 209 Pst isolates were collected from six provinces (Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Hubei, Henan, and Jiangsu) across two major epidemic regions in 2023–2024. Isolates were tested against 19 Chinese differential hosts and 18 Yr single-gene differentials. Using Chinese differentials, 54 races were identified, with CYR34 (19.62%), CYR32 (10.53%), and CYR33 (9.09%) being predominant; 31 were new. The Yr single-gene differential detected 63 races, VR1 (10.05%), VR2 (6.22%), and VR3 (5.74%) were the most frequent in the VR (Virulence Race) system, where numbers indicate sequential race designations based on distinct virulence patterns. Virulence assessment showed overwhelming prevalence against 17 Chinese varieties and 10 single-gene lines (> 60% frequency), while complete susceptibility absence occurred against Zhong 4 (Yr genes unknown), Triticum spelta Album (Yr5), Avocet S*6/Yr5, and Avocet S*6/Yr15. This study validates the superior discriminatory power of Yr single-gene differentials for Pst race identification and provides essential baseline data for regional resistance breeding programs. The findings support the adoption of enhanced surveillance systems for sustainable stripe rust management in China.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-026-08249-8.