# All-cause and cause-specific mortality trends among people with and without HIV in the Siaya health and demographic surveillance system, Kenya, 2011–2018

## TL;DR

This study examines how mortality rates changed over time for people with and without HIV in rural Kenya, showing a decline in HIV-related deaths but an increase in non-communicable diseases as the HIV population ages.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into evolving cause-specific mortality trends in a rural HIV population in sub-Saharan Africa.

## Key findings

- HIV/AIDS/tuberculosis mortality rates declined among people with HIV from 2011 to 2017.
- Non-communicable disease mortality rates increased over time among people with HIV as the population aged.
- Non-communicable diseases were the leading cause of death among people without HIV during the study period.

## Abstract

All-cause mortality among people with HIV (PWH) in sub-Saharan Africa declined after antiretroviral therapy’s introduction, but data in rural settings on evolving causes of death as this population age remain limited.

To compare all-cause and cause-specific mortality trends among PWH and people without HIV (PWOH) in western Kenya using a prospective cohort study.

Data from the Siaya Health and Demographic Surveillance System were used to estimate mortality rates from 2011 to 2018 among persons aged 15–64 years, with the study population (PWH/PWOH) determined through HIV testing. InterVA-4 was used to ascertain the cause of death.

45,581 individuals with an HIV test result contributed 209,078 person-years (py) of follow-up. The HIV prevalence was 14.5%. Median age among PWH increased from 37 to 42 years from 2011 to 2018. For PWOH, this was between 29 and 31 years. 1386 individuals died, 48.8% were PWH. HIV/AIDS/tuberculosis (319 deaths; 58.2%) was the leading mortality cause for PWH and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (235; 40.9%) for PWOH. From 2011 to 2017, HIV/AIDS/tuberculosis mortality rates declined among PWH from 19.0 to 7.0 deaths/1,000py, and mortality due to NCDs increased from 3.7 in 2014 to 5.1/1,000py in 2017. For PWOH, cause-specific mortality trends were stable over time.

Among PWH, HIV/AIDS/tuberculosis mortality decreased from 2011 to 2017, while mortality rates due to NCDs rose over time as the population aged. Among PWOH, NCDs were the leading cause of death. Managing HIV and the increasing burden of NCDs in this community requires education on prevention, active screening, and delivery of treatment and palliative care services.

Main findings: This analysis shows the progress made in reducing AIDS-related mortality among people living with HIV in western Kenya and an increase in non-communicable disease mortality rates in an ageing HIV population.Added knowledge: Considering the improved survival and increasing age of people living with HIV, age-related non-communicable disease mortality could continue rising over time among individuals with HIV.Global health impact for policy and action: Implementing educational campaigns focused on modifying risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases, and early detection is crucial for improving health outcomes among people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.

Main findings: This analysis shows the progress made in reducing AIDS-related mortality among people living with HIV in western Kenya and an increase in non-communicable disease mortality rates in an ageing HIV population.

Added knowledge: Considering the improved survival and increasing age of people living with HIV, age-related non-communicable disease mortality could continue rising over time among individuals with HIV.

Global health impact for policy and action: Implementing educational campaigns focused on modifying risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases, and early detection is crucial for improving health outcomes among people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.