# Cost-effectiveness analysis of artificial intelligence-assisted risk stratification of indeterminate pulmonary nodules

## TL;DR

This study shows that using AI to help assess lung nodules is cost-effective when cancer risk is above 5%, improving outcomes and reducing unnecessary procedures.

## Contribution

The study quantifies the cost-effectiveness of AI-assisted risk stratification for indeterminate pulmonary nodules.

## Key findings

- AI-assisted evaluation increased life years gained by 0.03 compared to clinician assessment alone.
- At 65% malignancy prevalence, AI had an ICER of $4,485 per life-year gained, indicating cost-effectiveness.
- AI becomes cost-ineffective when malignancy prevalence drops below 5%.

## Abstract

Artificial intelligence-based radiomic approaches have been shown to accurately evaluate indeterminate pulmonary nodules. With the expansion of lung cancer screening and utilization of computed tomography imaging, indeterminate pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation are increasingly common. Accurate non-invasive characterization may reduce time to cancer diagnosis and decrease invasive procedures for benign disease, but the cost-effectiveness of AI-based methods has not been quantified. We sought to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of AI-assisted clinician evaluation compared to clinician evaluation alone for the cancer risk stratification of patients with indeterminate pulmonary nodules.

We constructed a decision model assuming guideline-based care from a payer perspective with a lifetime horizon. The base case is a 1.1 cm incidentally discovered IPN in a 60-year-old operative candidate in a clinical population with a 65% malignancy prevalence. Cost per life-year gained (LYG) was the primary outcome. We conducted deterministic sensitivity analyses on all parameters and performed a probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Given clinical variability of malignancy prevalence, we assessed the malignancy prevalence threshold at which utilization of AI would be cost-effective.

AI-supported clinician risk stratification resulted in an increase of 0.03 life years compared to clinician alone. With a 65% malignancy prevalence, AI was cost-effective with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $4,485/LYG. When the malignancy prevalence was < 5%, the ICER for AI support exceeded a standard willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/LYG.

In clinical settings with a pre-test probability of malignancy exceeding 5%, AI-supported IPN risk stratification is cost-effective compared to clinician assessment alone.