# Nanopatterned Cell Sheet Assembly of Biomimetic Cardiac Laminae for Modeling Structure–Function Relationships

## TL;DR

Researchers developed a scaffold-free method to create layered cardiac tissues with helical alignment, improving contractile function and mimicking heart structure.

## Contribution

A modular platform for building anisotropic cardiac tissues using nanotopography and coculture with endothelial cells.

## Key findings

- Coculture with endocardial-like endothelial cells improved extracellular matrix deposition and tissue integrity.
- GMA-modified substrates enabled optimal temperature-controlled release of cardiac cell sheets.
- Helically aligned tissues showed enhanced contractile synchrony and function compared to controls.

## Abstract

Replicating the intricate 3-dimensional architecture and coordinated function of native human myocardium remains a central challenge in cardiac tissue engineering. Here, we present a scaffold-free strategy to fabricate multilayered human cardiac tissues with tunable structural anisotropy and physiologically relevant helical alignment. By integrating biomimetic nanotopographical patterning with a thermoresponsive polymer interface, we generated aligned cardiac cell sheets that could be detached and transferred intact. To ensure robust sheet formation and release, our comprehensive investigation found that a coculture system incorporating human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endocardial-like endothelial cells was essential for facilitating extracellular matrix deposition and maintaining tissue integrity during detachment, outperforming coculture conditions using other stromal cell types. A glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)-modified polyurethane acrylate substrate functionalized with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) enabled temperature-controlled release, with 0.5% GMA yielding optimal performance. Stacked cardiac sheets with defined angular offsets were used to engineer 4-layered laminae that mimicked the transmural fiber orientation of the ventricular wall. These helically aligned tissues exhibited enhanced contractile synchrony and superior contractile function compared to unaligned or unpatterned controls, as quantified by vector-based contraction analysis. This work introduces a modular, bottom-up platform for constructing functionally anisotropic cardiac tissues, providing new tools for probing myocardial biomechanics, studying development and disease, and informing regenerative therapies.