# Household determinants of healthcare utilisation in three informal settlements in Freetown, Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional survey

## TL;DR

This study explores how household factors affect healthcare use in three informal settlements in Freetown, Sierra Leone.

## Contribution

The study identifies settlement-specific patterns of healthcare utilisation influenced by disability, income activities, and water access.

## Key findings

- Disability increases healthcare use within settlements but decreases it outside.
- Income-generating activities correlate with higher healthcare use within settlements.
- Clean water sources and shared sanitation are linked to increased healthcare utilisation.

## Abstract

Healthcare utilisation (HU) is key to improving the health of residents in urban informal settlements. This study aimed to explore household-level factors influencing HU among informal settlement households in Freetown, Sierra Leone.

Cross-sectional survey.

Three informal settlements (Cockle Bay, Dwarzark and Moyiba) in Freetown, Sierra Leone.

Primary data from 4871 households were collected during the Health and Wellbeing survey conducted between April and May 2023, targeting households with adults aged 18 years and older.

The primary outcomes were households HU both within and outside informal settlements. Household-level predisposing and enabling explanatory variables were derived from Andersen’s Behavioural Model of HU.

Disability in households increases HU within settlements (especially in Dwarzark, 13% and Moyiba, 10%) but is less likely outside. Households engaged in income-generating activities are more likely to seek healthcare within settlements, but 12% less likely outside in Cockle Bay and Dwarzark. Food insecurity decreases HU within Dwarzark (9%) and increases HU outside by 174% in Moyiba. Longer water fetching times and water shortages were associated with higher HU (between 6% and 16%) within settlements, especially in Cockle Bay and Dwarzark. Clean water sources (eg, piped dwelling, bowser, surface, bottled) were consistently associated with higher HU both within and outside settlements. Shared sanitation facilities (such as shared toilets) were positively associated with HU both within and outside settlements, particularly in Dwarzark and Moyiba. Households with income from fishing, informal salaried work and bike riding showed higher HU both within and outside settlements, especially in Dwarzark and Moyiba.

We identified strong settlement-specific patterns of household-level factors that influence HU both within and outside Freetown’s informal settlements. These findings provide a foundation for developing targeted policies such as strengthening local services, addressing affordability and accessibility barriers and supporting vulnerable occupation groups.