# An expert opinion on the management of pediatric patients with wheezing and mild asthma: translating 2025 GINA strategy report into clinical practice in Italy

## TL;DR

This paper provides guidance for managing young children with wheezing and mild asthma in Italy by applying the 2025 GINA strategy.

## Contribution

It translates the 2025 GINA asthma guidelines into practical, personalized care strategies for Italian pediatric patients.

## Key findings

- Biomarkers like blood eosinophils and FeNO help predict asthma persistence in preschoolers.
- Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and caregiver education improve outcomes in mild asthma.
- Dose counters and shared decision-making reduce pseudo-adherence and inhaler misuse.

## Abstract

Preschool wheezing and mild asthma are among the most frequent chronic respiratory conditions in children. These conditions can significantly affect quality of life, be associated with wheeze exacerbations, and predispose to persistent airway disease. Early recognition and tailored management are crucial to prevent long-term morbidity.

This Expert Opinion paper aims to translate the 2025 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Strategy Report into the Italian clinical context, providing guidance for early recognition, risk stratification, and personalized management of pediatric patients with wheezing and mild asthma.

The paper discusses the heterogeneity of preschool wheezing phenotypes and the emerging concept of “pre-asthma”, highlighting the prognostic role of biomarkers such as blood eosinophils, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and early aeroallergen sensitization in predicting disease persistence. It also addresses the impact of early-life wheezing on lung function trajectories, challenges in defining mild asthma, and the rationale for stepwise treatment strategies according to age. Particular emphasis is placed on practical aspects of care, such as the use of low dose of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), suboptimal adherence to therapy, inhaler misuse, the benefits of dose counters to avoid pseudo-adherence, and the importance of caregiver education and shared decision-making in inhaler selection.

Applying GINA 2025 principles through individualized, biomarker-informed, and education-based strategies can improve outcomes in children with early or mild asthma, bridging the gap between evidence-based recommendations and usual pediatric care in Italy.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13052-026-02206-9.