# Retrospective Epidemiological Analyses of 12,976 Culture‐Positive Superficial Fungal Infections in Shanghai, East China

## TL;DR

This study analyzed 12,976 cases of superficial fungal infections in Shanghai to understand their patterns and causes.

## Contribution

The study provides detailed epidemiological data on fungal infections in Shanghai, highlighting trends by gender, age, and infection type.

## Key findings

- Onychomycosis was the most common infection, followed by tinea cruris and tinea pedis.
- Gender differences were observed, with females more likely to have onychomycosis and tinea pedis.
- Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently isolated fungal species.

## Abstract

Superficial fungal infections (SFIs) are common dermatological conditions, and both domestic and international reports indicate an increasing incidence in recent years. Their prevalence is strongly affected by climate, temperature, humidity and lifestyle, resulting in significant regional variations.

To describe the epidemiological characteristics of superficial fungal infections in Shanghai, East China, from 2022 to 2024.

This single‐centre retrospective observational study was conducted at Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital. Clinical specimens, including skin scales, hair and nails, were examined using KOH microscopy, followed by culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Fungal identification was primarily based on colony morphology and microscopic features.

A total of 12,976 cases of superficial fungal infections were recorded during the study period. Onychomycosis was the most common infection (33.75%), followed by tinea cruris (20.05%) and tinea pedis (18.63%). Significant gender differences were identified: females showed higher rates of onychomycosis and tinea pedis, while males more frequently presented with tinea cruris, tinea corporis and other SFIs. The highest number of infections occurred in individuals aged 31–40 years, with onychomycosis, tinea pedis and tinea versicolor being most prevalent in this group. Among culture‐positive samples, dermatophytes accounted for the majority (52.54%), with Trichophyton rubrum being the most frequently isolated species (44.27%). Dermatophyte infections were more common in males, whereas yeast infections were more frequent in females. Dermatophyte infections peaked in the 31–40 and 61–70 age groups, while yeast infections were most common among individuals aged 21–40.

This study provides valuable epidemiological insights into superficial fungal infections in Shanghai, offering necessary guidance for clinical diagnosis, treatment decision‐making and prevention strategies.