# A critical review on the roles of natural products in shaping oral microbiota and preventing chronic diseases

## TL;DR

This review explores how natural products can shape the oral microbiome and prevent chronic diseases by balancing microbial communities.

## Contribution

The paper provides a critical synthesis of recent evidence on natural products' effects on oral microbiota and their potential for disease prevention.

## Key findings

- Phytochemicals like polyphenols and terpenoids influence oral bacteria through antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.
- Natural compounds support beneficial microbes while inhibiting pathogens, promoting a balanced oral microbiome.
- Challenges remain in translating these findings into safe and effective clinical applications.

## Abstract

The oral microbiome plays a central role in maintaining both oral and systemic health, and disruptions in its balance can contribute to a wide range of diseases. This review brings together current evidence on how natural products modulate oral microbial communities, promote microbial equilibrium, and help prevent conditions such as dental caries, periodontitis, and chronic systemic disorders linked to oral dysbiosis. Recent studies highlight that phytochemicals particularly polyphenols, terpenoids, saponins, and alkaloids exert antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects that influence bacterial adhesion, biofilm development, gene expression, and acid production. These compounds not only inhibit key oral pathogens but also support beneficial species, helping to sustain a stable and resilient microbiome. Evidence was gathered from PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using relevant keywords and focusing on literature from 2015 to 2025. Insights into microbial diversity, environmental influences, host genetics, and advanced sequencing tools further strengthen understanding of oral microbial dynamics. While natural products show strong potential, challenges related to safety, bioavailability, regulatory clarity, and clinical translation remain to explore. This review outlines current progress and future directions needed to transform natural compounds into effective, evidence-based strategies for improving oral and systemic health through microbiome modulation.