# Attenuation-based ultra-low-dose lung computed tomography at 0.1 mSv to 0.3 mSv effective dose in children

## TL;DR

This study shows that ultra-low-dose lung CT scans in children can achieve diagnostic quality with minimal radiation exposure using advanced imaging technology.

## Contribution

The study introduces a clinically viable ultra-low-dose lung CT protocol for children using energy-integrating detectors and deep-learning reconstruction.

## Key findings

- Effective radiation doses ranged from 0.12 mSv to 0.23 mSv across different age groups.
- Image quality metrics were not significantly inferior in younger children compared to older groups.
- All scans were deemed diagnostically sufficient by radiologists despite low radiation doses.

## Abstract

Radiation dose reduction is essential in paediatric lung computed tomography (CT). Advances in energy-integrating detector CT and deep-learning reconstruction may enable ultra-low-dose imaging comparable to photon-counting CT.

To evaluate the radiation dose and performance of an ultra-low-dose lung CT protocol using a wide-detector energy-integrating CT system in paediatric patients, focusing on effective radiation dose and diagnostic image quality.

A total of 277 low-dose lung CT scans from 106 paediatric patients (age range, 113 days to 17.85 years) were retrospectively analysed. All scans were acquired in axial mode using a 256-slice-multidetector CT scanner with deep learning image reconstruction and attenuation-based Auto Prescription. Radiation dose parameters, including volume CT dose index, dose-length product, size-specific dose estimate, and effective dose, were calculated. Signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio were assessed in standardised anatomical regions. Patients were stratified by age, and statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate dose trends and image quality metrics.

There were significant differences between all age groups for all dose parameters (Kruskal–Wallis test, P<0.05). The median effective dose increased with age, ranging from 0.12 mSv (interquartile range (IQR) 0.09–0.14 mSv) in the 0–5-year group to 0.23 mSv (IQR 0.21–0.25 mSv) in adolescents aged 15 years to <18 years. Contrast-to-noise ratio and signal-to-noise ratio exhibited age-dependent variation with a small increase in older age groups. One-sided non-inferiority testing demonstrated that the signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio in the youngest age group (0–5 years) were not significantly inferior to those in the ≥15-year group (P<0.05). All examinations were deemed diagnostically sufficient by board-certified paediatric radiologists. Non-disruptive artefacts such as cardiac motion and step artefacts occurred frequently but did not impair interpretation.

Ultra-low-dose lung CT using wide-detector energy-integrating CT with deep-learning image reconstruction allows for routine diagnostic imaging in children at radiation doses ranging from 0.12 mSv to 0.23 mSv, comparable to those reported for newer photon-counting CT systems. This approach provides a robust, clinically viable strategy for minimizing radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic image quality.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00247-025-06503-z.