# Outpatient psychotherapeutic treatment of gambling disorder — lessons learned from Bavaria

## TL;DR

This study examines how often patients with gambling disorder in Bavaria receive psychotherapy and finds that those who do often have additional mental health issues.

## Contribution

The study provides insights into psychotherapy uptake and treatment patterns for gambling disorder in a real-world healthcare setting.

## Key findings

- Only 18.6% of patients with gambling disorder received psychotherapy.
- Psychotherapy patients were younger and had higher rates of comorbid depression and anxiety.
- Cognitive behavioral therapy was the most common form of psychotherapy used.

## Abstract

Psychotherapeutic interventions are an effective treatment for gambling disorder (GD), yet little is known about their uptake in routine care settings. Using data from the Bavarian Association of Statutory Health Insurance (SHI) Physicians, this study estimates the proportion of patients with disordered gambling behavior receiving psychotherapy, describes their diagnostic characteristics, and outlines treatment patterns.

Adults insured by SHI in Bavaria with a confirmed GD diagnosis (ICD-10: F63.0 G) according to the M2Q criterion (i.e., diagnosis in ≥ 2 out of 4 quarters) who received outpatient care between January 2021 and March 2022 were included. Patients were divided into three groups, comprised of patients with (1) at least one billable encounter with a psychotherapist (PT), (2) at least one billable encounter with a neurologist or psychiatrist but none with a PT, and (3) no billable encounters with either. Groups were compared by age, sex, diagnosed comorbid mental disorders, and service utilization. Key elements of psychotherapy were also analyzed.

Of 3,154 patients with disordered gambling behavior, 589 (18.6%) received psychotherapy. This group was younger (M = 39.7 years, SD = 12.8) than group 2 (M = 44.9 years, SD = 13.8) and group 3 (M = 43.8 years, SD = 14.1) and included a higher proportion of women than group 3 (18.5% vs. 12.4%). Comorbid depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorders were more frequent among patients in psychotherapy. Compared to group 3, they received services from internists, organ-specific specialists, and technical specialists more often. Compared to group 2, they more often used psychiatrists’ services. Psychotherapy was most commonly individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and lasted 352 days on average, with about 18 sessions per patient.

Patients with disordered gambling behavior (according to ICD-10 criteria for F63.0) who receive psychotherapy often have additional mental disorders and higher overall care needs. This highlights the importance of integrated treatment approaches. The frequent use of CBT aligns with evidence-based practice and suggests potentially favorable therapeutic outcomes.