# ULK1-driven autophagy modulation alters tumor-promoting pathways in triple-negative breast cancer

## TL;DR

This study explores how modulating ULK1 affects proteomic changes in triple-negative breast cancer, identifying potential therapeutic targets.

## Contribution

The study provides a novel proteomic framework linking ULK1 modulation to tumor-promoting pathways in TNBC.

## Key findings

- ULK1 activation suppressed translation and altered transcriptional regulation.
- ULK1 inhibition enriched immune-related pathways and vesicle-mediated transport.
- Five proteins were consistently downregulated and linked to tumor-promoting networks.

## Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype with limited targeted therapies and poor prognosis. Unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), a central regulator of autophagy, has emerged as a potential therapeutic node in cancer but remains poorly understood in TNBC. Here, we investigated the proteomic consequences of pharmacological ULK1 modulation in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells. Cells were treated with the ULK1 activator LYN-1604 or inhibitor MRT68921 at EC₅₀ concentrations. Autophagic activity, validated through LC3B immunoblotting and fluorescence microscopy, increased under both treatments. Quantitative label-free LC-MS/MS proteomics prioritized 182 and 196 candidate differentially abundant proteins in response to LYN-1604 and MRT68921, respectively. ULK1 activation primarily altered transcriptional regulation and suppressed translation, whereas inhibition was associated with enrichment of immune-related pathway and vesicle-mediated transport. Five proteins consistently downregulated across both treatments (PSIP1, AGO2, MORF4L1, HNRNPC, and SETD2) were prioritized as candidate hubs based on shared regulation across perturbations and network ranking using CytoHubba/MCC. These candidates mapped to autophagy-associated pathway modules/terms related to MET–FAK signaling, extracellular matrix–related processes, and mitochondrial Ca²⁺ handling/transport. These findings suggest that ULK1 modulation, regardless of direction, associated with proteomic changes in pathways linked to tumor-promoting networks. Our study provides a comprehensive proteomic framework linking ULK1 perturbation to transcriptional, immune, and epigenetic regulation, and highlights downstream effectors as candidate targets for future functional and translational validation in TNBC.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12032-026-03274-x.