# Male Breast Cancer: Growing Insights and Continuing Challenges

## TL;DR

Male breast cancer is rare but increasing, with challenges in awareness and timely diagnosis due to stigma and gendered perceptions.

## Contribution

The paper reviews current insights into male breast cancer, highlighting the impact of stigma and awareness on diagnosis and prognosis.

## Key findings

- Male breast cancer shares features with female BC but differs in presentation and tumor biology.
- Men often present at later stages due to low awareness and stigma.
- Improved education and research are needed to enhance early detection and outcomes.

## Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) in men accounts for less than 1% of all BC diagnoses worldwide. Despite its low incidence, the number of men being diagnosed is increasing. Historically perceived as a predominantly female disease, BC in men has received comparatively limited attention.

This review aims to examine how BC manifests in men and explored the impact of stigma and awareness on diagnosis and prognosis.

A narrative review of current literature was undertaken, including epidemiological studies, clinical research and psychosocial analyses relating to male BC.

Male BC shares several pathological and molecular features with female BC, but notable differences exist in presentation, tumour biology and treatment considerations. Men are more likely to present at a later stage of disease, often due to low awareness and misconception that BC affects only women. Stigma and limited targeted education further contribute to delayed medical consultation.

Although understanding of male BC has improved, challenges remain in early detection and awareness. The gendered perception of BC may discourage men from seeking timely medical advice, leading to more advanced disease at diagnosis and potentially poorer outcomes.

Addressing stigma, increasing public and professional education and promoting clinical research inclusive of men are essential to improving timely diagnosis and outcomes.