# Case Report: The SIX Cs model integrating empathy: a structured cognitive framework for psychological first aid during acute threat

## TL;DR

This case study explores how empathy can be structured and used during psychological first aid to help children in life-threatening situations.

## Contribution

The study introduces a structured model integrating empathy into psychological first aid during acute threats.

## Key findings

- Structured empathic communication improves prefrontal engagement and reduces loneliness in children during extreme threats.
- Empathy within the SIX Cs Model sustains cooperation and preserves functional behavior during acute stress.
- The model's application is supported by neuropsychological mechanisms like prefrontal cortex dominance and amygdala regulation.

## Abstract

This article presents a theory-driven case study examining the integration of empathy within the SIX Cs Model of psychological first aid (PFA) during a real-time, life-threatening event involving two children trapped in a terrorist attack in Israel. Empathy, encompassing cognitive, emotional, and compassionate components, plays a vital role in psychological support; however, its application during acute stress requires a structured approach that preserves cognitive functioning. The SIX Cs Model targets core features of the acute stress response (ASR), including confusion, perceptual narrowing, helplessness, and impaired executive functioning. Using a descriptive, theory-guided analysis of publicly aired segments from a 12-h phone conversation between a social worker (SW) and the children, the conversation was coded according to the SIX Cs components and types of empathy. The findings show how structured empathic communication can improve prefrontal engagement, reduce loneliness, sustain cooperation, and preserve functional behavior during extreme threat. Real-time behavioral indicators are interpreted through neuropsychological mechanisms associated with prefrontal cortex dominance, amygdala regulation, and dopamine-mediated reinforcement. The case provides rare ecological insight into pediatric PFA during acute danger and illustrates the clinical relevance of integrating empathy within cognitive-based emergency intervention models.