# Comprehensive analysis of IDD family genes and their expression patterns in barley

## TL;DR

This study identifies and analyzes the HvIDD gene family in barley, revealing their potential roles in plant growth and stress response.

## Contribution

The first comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the HvIDD gene family in barley, including gene classification, motif identification, and miRNA interactions.

## Key findings

- Thirteen HvIDD genes were identified and classified into three subfamilies.
- Ten conserved motifs and various cis-acting elements in HvIDD promoters were discovered.
- Six miRNAs were predicted to interact with HvIDD genes, which regulate genes involved in membrane-binding pathways.

## Abstract

INDETERMINATE DOMAIN (IDD) is a unique C2H2 zinc finger protein subfamily in plants. It has been thoroughly studied in Arabidopsis and is widely involved in the growth and development of various plants and stress response. Following wheat, maize and rice, barley stands as the fourth major cereal crop. In contrast, there are limited studies on the IDD gene family in Hordeum vulgare. Therefore, this study comprehensively identified and analyzed the barley IDD gene family by bioinformatics methods.

A total of 13 HvIDD family genes were detected and classified into three subfamilies. Ten conserved motifs were identified by motif analysis. Through chromosome localization analysis, 13 HvIDD genes were found to be located on multiple chromosomes, of which 4 HvIDDs were found on chromosomes 3 and 4, respectively. In addition, analysis of cis-acting element in promoter revealed a variety of elements, such as O2-site, ARE, LTR, TGA-element and MRE, which play an important role in regulating gene expression. In our study, six miRNAs were predicted to interact with HvIDDs and HvIDD4/5/7/9/13 could regulate 72 genes expression, which enriched in membrane-binding pathways.

In summary, these findings provide valuable insights for future functional verification of HvIDDs and contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of HvIDDs in response to stress conditions in barley.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-026-08289-0.