# Injectable electroconductive Prussian blue nanofiber-PVA hydrogel modulates the wound microenvironment to promote diabetic wound healing

## TL;DR

A new injectable hydrogel with electroconductive properties helps speed up healing in diabetic wounds by improving the wound environment.

## Contribution

The development of an injectable Prussian Blue nanofiber-PVA hydrogel with electroconductive and immunomodulatory properties for diabetic wound healing.

## Key findings

- The hydrogel accelerated wound closure and reduced inflammation in diabetic mice.
- It promoted collagen deposition and increased CD31-positive staining, indicating improved angiogenesis.
- The hydrogel showed cytocompatibility and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro.

## Abstract

Chronic diabetic wounds exhibit persistent oxidative stress, prolonged inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, and a disrupted bioelectric microenvironment that hinders re-epithelialization. Here, we develop an injectable Prussian Blue nanofiber-PVA hydrogel (PBM.PVA gel) with electroconductive and immunomodulatory features for accelerated diabetic wound repair. Electrospun PBM nanofibers were uniformly embedded within a physically cross linked PVA matrix, producing a flexible and adhesive composite with stable conductivity. In vitro, PBM. PVA gel showed excellent cytocompatibility, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, CD86), and enhanced pro-regenerative markers (CD206, CD31). In streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, the hydrogel significantly accelerated wound closure, reduced inflammatory infiltration, and promoted collagen deposition with increased CD31-positive staining. While PBM has been reported to possess redox-regulatory potential, ROS levels and endogenous wound electrical fields were not directly quantified in this study; therefore, mechanistic interpretations are described as plausible and require further validation. Together, PBM. PVA gel provides a multifunctional dressing that supports a favorable wound microenvironment and improves healing outcomes in diabetic wounds.