# Graphene-integrated microtube whispering-gallery mode resonators for polarization-sensitive optical modulation and photodetection

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new graphene-integrated microtube resonator that improves optical modulation and photodetection for compact photonic systems.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is the fabrication of polarization-sensitive microtube resonators with high optical performance using a self-rolling nanomembrane process.

## Key findings

- The microtube resonators achieved a high quality factor (Q = 2008.36) and photoresponsivity (2.80 A W−1).
- The lobe-shaped architecture enhances optical mode confinement and axial mode quantization.
- The structure enables polarization-sensitive optical modulation and photodetection through symmetry breaking.

## Abstract

The monolithic photonic-electronic integration is crucial for high-bandwidth optical communication and computing, while existing structures struggle to reconcile compact footprints with performance preservation. Here, graphene-integrated silicon nitride microtube whispering-gallery mode resonators, fabricated via wafer-level nanomembrane self-rolling process, are demonstrated for polarization optical modulation and photodetection in photonic-electronic synergy. The engineered lobe-shaped architecture in the microtube facilitates axial mode quantization, greatly enhancing the optical mode confinement and improving the quality factor. A balanced trade-off between photodetection efficiency and optical resonance is achieved by adjusting the coupling between graphene and microtube resonance, and graphene-integrated microtube resonators with lobe structure demonstrate an efficient optical resonance (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Q$$\end{document}Q = 2008.36) and high photoresponsivity (2.80 A W−1). Furthermore, fourfold rotational symmetry breaking in microtubes presents a workable structural paradigm for the polarization-sensitive optical modulation and photodetection, overall characteristics presents a promising platform for optical manipulation and multidimensional detection of integrated photonic and optoelectronic systems.

We engineered and fabricated a graphene-integrated microtube resonator using a self-rolling nanomembrane process, achieving enhanced optical confinement and polarization-sensitive optoelectrical functionality for next-generation photonic systems.