# Handgrip Strength Reference Values and Compositional Associations with Physical Activity in Early Childhood: A Large Sample Study of Swedish Preschoolers

## TL;DR

This study establishes handgrip strength reference values for Swedish preschoolers and finds that more vigorous physical activity is linked to stronger handgrip strength.

## Contribution

The study provides the first normative handgrip strength values for preschool children in Northern Europe and uses compositional analysis to assess physical activity associations.

## Key findings

- Boys had higher handgrip strength than girls at all ages, with increases from 4.08 to 7.42 kg in boys and 3.45 to 6.87 kg in girls between ages 3 and 5.
- Increased moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was associated with a +1.22 kg increase in handgrip strength, while sedentary time was linked to a -0.84 kg decrease.

## Abstract

Muscular strength is a marker of current health and a predictor of long-term health outcomes in young populations, supporting the inclusion of muscle-strengthening activities into current guidelines and recommendations. Over the last decade, muscular strength has been included in several fitness-test batteries in children and adolescents. However, little is known about its relevance and the feasibility of assessing it in preschool children aged 3–5 years. Therefore, in this cross-sectional study, we aimed to generate reference values for handgrip strength in Swedish preschool children and to examine the associations of device-measured movement behaviours (sedentary time [ST], light physical activity [LPA], moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA], and sleep duration) with handgrip strength using compositional data analysis.

A total of 3,218 preschool children (48.53% female) aged 3.0–5.5 years from Sweden were included. Handgrip strength was measured using a validated analog dynamometer following standardized procedures. Movement behaviours were assessed in a subsample of 2,328 children who had both handgrip data and valid accelerometer recordings. Compositional data analysis was used to examine associations between handgrip strength and the 24-hour time-use composition, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, parental education, and wear time. Age- and sex-specific percentiles for handgrip strength were developed. Boys showed higher handgrip values than girls at all ages (e.g., median increased from 4.08 to 7.42 kg in boys and from 3.45 to 6.87 kg in girls between ages 3 and 5 years). When the proportion of time spent in MVPA increased relative to the other behaviours, handgrip strength rose by + 1.22 kg; the opposite was observed for ST, which related to − 0.84 kg lower handgrip strength. No significant associations were observed for LPA or sleep duration (LPA: β =-0.48 kg, 95% CI: -1.23, 0.27; sleep: β = 0.10 kg, 95% CI: -0.37, 0.57).

This study provides the first normative reference values for handgrip strength from Northern Europe. These values offer a useful reference for screening and contextual interpretation of muscular strength in preschool children.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-026-00992-4.