# “I just felt there was not going to be issues” exploring local definitions of exclusive breastfeeding and adequate complementary feeding within communities in Jigawa state, Nigeria

## TL;DR

This study explores how mothers in Jigawa State, Nigeria, understand and practice exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding, revealing local interpretations that differ from global guidelines.

## Contribution

The study provides novel insights into how cultural norms shape infant feeding practices in northern Nigeria.

## Key findings

- Most mothers define exclusive breastfeeding as feeding only breastmilk for six months but allow early introduction of water.
- Complementary feeding is often initiated before six months based on infant cues and cultural beliefs.
- Local definitions of infant feeding practices are influenced by caregiving traditions and family members.

## Abstract

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and appropriate complementary feeding (CF) are important for child survival and development. While global guidelines provide clear definitions for these practices, interpretations within communities can differ, influencing infant feeding behaviours. This study explored how EBF and CF are understood, and how these understandings shape infant feeding and nutrition within a community setting in Jigawa State, northern Nigeria. We conducted a qualitative study using life-history interviews and household observations within an ethnographic process evaluation in Kiyawa LGA, Jigawa State, Nigeria, between July 2020 and November 2022. The data formed part of the INSPIRING Jigawa cluster randomized controlled trial process evaluation. From 90 women recruited for the ethnography, we purposively selected 36 women aged 16–49 years who had breastfed in the preceding two years. Data was analysed from midline interviews and notes from monthly facility and household observations. Interviews were conducted in Hausa, transcribed, translated into English, and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. We found that while most mothers could state the correct definition of EBF as feeding only breastmilk for the first six months, their interpretation allowed for the early introduction of water, and other water solutions without perceiving this as a breach of EBF. Complementary feeding was similarly defined based on infant cues and cultural beliefs, with many mothers introducing family foods before six months in response to perceived signs of hunger or under the influence of older family members. These locally adapted definitions reflected deep-rooted cultural norms and caregiving traditions. While communities in Jigawa are aware of global definitions for EBF, these are not commonly adopted or practiced. Interventions aiming to improve infant feeding practices must consider culturally embedded beliefs around the provision of water earlier than recommended, and engage influential family and community members to align local practices with recommended guidelines.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-41749-z.