# Cow-dung stabilised compressed earth blocks: a mechanistic approach to understand its water resistance behaviour

## TL;DR

This paper explores how cow-dung improves water resistance in compressed earth blocks and identifies strategies to enhance their performance for sustainable construction.

## Contribution

The study identifies microbial aggregates in cow-dung as the key factor for water resistance and proposes practical strategies to optimize CD-CEBs.

## Key findings

- Wet cow-dung provides over 80 times better water resistance compared to dry cow-dung.
- Using soils rich in kaolinite improves water resistance by over 30 times.
- Higher compaction liquid content improves water resistance by over 40 times.

## Abstract

Cow-dung is a widely used stabiliser applied in traditional earthen buildings with one objective to improve water resistance. However, most research has focused on explaining its mechanical strength, with only one study suggesting water resistance mechanism via formation of insoluble compounds at high pH, a phenomenon uncommon in natural cow dung and soil mixtures. This article investigates the water-resistance behaviour of cow-dung stabilised compressed earthen blocks (CD-CEBs) through an extensive experimental programme to understand the influence of cow-dung and soil related factors and to characterise the components of cow-dung responsible for its water resistance. It was found that the small-sized microbial aggregates (SSMA) present in cow-dung, which are negatively charged hydrophobic aggregates of low specific surface area, are responsible for enhanced water resistance of CD-CEBs. The insights gained from experiments are compiled to recommend the following strategies for improved performance of CD-CEBs: (i) The use of wet cow-dung is advised over dry cow-dung as it provided over 80 times better water resistance; (ii) Adopting a higher compaction liquid content (by 3%) improved the water resistance by over 40 times; (iii) The water resistance of CD-CEBs was improved over 30 times by using soils rich in low-swelling clay minerals such as kaolinite. A case study applying these findings demonstrates the successful scaleup from the lab to field showcasing potential of cow-dung and soil in low-carbon construction.