# Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes containing nano-pearl powder water-soluble matrix promote osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells **Authors:** Ling Chen, QiuHua Mao, WenBai Zhang, YaNan Cheng PMC · DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2026.2630547 · Organogenesis · 2026-02-26 ## TL;DR This study shows that combining nano-pearl powder with stem cell exosomes boosts bone cell development in lab-grown cells. ## Contribution The novel approach of encapsulating nano-pearl powder water-soluble matrix in stem cell exosomes to enhance osteogenic differentiation is introduced. ## Key findings - NPP-WSM-Exos significantly improved MC3T3-E1 cell viability and osteogenic gene expression. - NPP-WSM-Exos enhanced mineralization and alkaline phosphatase activity in MC3T3-E1 cells. - Transcriptome analysis revealed activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway by NPP-WSM-Exos. ## Abstract To explore the synergistic effect of nano-pearl powder (NPP) and adipose-derived stem cell exosomes (ADSC-Exos) on the osteogenic potential of MC3T3-E1 cells. The water-soluble matrix of NPP (NPP-WSM) was extracted via freeze-drying, and ADSC-Exos were isolated by ultracentrifugation. NPP-WSM was incorporated into ADSC-Exos through co-incubation to generate NPP-WSM-Exos. MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with NPP-WSM or NPP-WSM-Exos. Cell proliferation and migration were evaluated using CCK-8 and wound-healing assays, respectively. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed by Alizarin Red S staining and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The expression of osteogenesis-related genes (COL1A1, RUNX2, OCN, and OPN) was measured by qPCR and Western blotting. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) was conducted to identify signaling pathways activated by NPP-WSM-Exos. NPP-WSM-Exos displayed distinct exosome morphology and biomarkers, confirming their successful preparation. Significantly, NPP-WSM-Exos enhanced the viability of MC3T3-E1 cells compared to NPP-WSM alone and upregulated the expression of osteogenic genes, including COL1A1, RUNX2, OCN, and OPN, at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Additionally, NPP-WSM-Exos strongly promoted mineralization, as evidenced by the increased calcification observed through Alizarin Red S staining, and elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, indicating excellent potential for osteogenic differentiation. Transcriptome sequencing showed that NPP-WSM-Exos significantly enhanced the PI3K/AKT pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells, while protein level detection indicated that NPP-WSM-Exos could increase AKT phosphorylation levels and inhibit GSK3β activity to improve osteogenic efficiency. The use of adipose-derived stem cell exosomes to encapsulate NPP-WSM can increase the utilization of WSM, promote the proliferation of MC3T3-E1, and enhance the osteogenic differentiation ability. ## Linked entities - **Genes:** COL1A1 (collagen type I alpha 1 chain) [NCBI Gene 1277], RUNX2 (RUNX family transcription factor 2) [NCBI Gene 860], BGLAP (bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein) [NCBI Gene 632], SPP1 (secreted phosphoprotein 1) [NCBI Gene 6696] - **Proteins:** ALPP (alkaline phosphatase, placental), AKT1 (AKT serine/threonine kinase 1), GSK3B (glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta) ## Full-text entities - **Genes:** Anxa5 (annexin A5) [NCBI Gene 11747] {aka Anx5, CPB-I}, Tsg101 (tumor susceptibility gene 101) [NCBI Gene 22088] {aka CC2}, Col1a1 (collagen, type I, alpha 1) [NCBI Gene 12842] {aka Col1a-1, Cola-1, Cola1, Mov-13, Mov13}, Akt1 (Akt serine/threonine kinase 1) [NCBI Gene 11651] {aka Akt, LTR-akt, PKB, PKB/Akt, PKBalpha, Rac}, Gapdh (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) [NCBI Gene 14433] {aka Gapd}, Spp1 (secreted phosphoprotein 1) [NCBI Gene 20750] {aka 2AR, Apl-1, BNSP, BSPI, Bsp, ETA-1}, Ctnnb1 (catenin beta 1) [NCBI Gene 12387] {aka Bfc, Catnb, Mesc}, Npp (nuclear posterior polar opacity) [NCBI Gene 110180], Runx2 (runt related transcription factor 2) [NCBI Gene 12393] {aka AML3, CBF-alpha-1, Cbf, Cbfa-1, Cbfa1, LS3}, Mir223 (microRNA 223) [NCBI Gene 723814] {aka Mirn223, miR-223, mmu-mir-223}, Bmp2 (bone morphogenetic protein 2) [NCBI Gene 12156] {aka Bmp2a}, Gsk3b (glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta) [NCBI Gene 56637] {aka 7330414F15Rik, 8430431H08Rik, GSK-3, GSK-3beta, GSK3}, Pik3r1 (phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1) [NCBI Gene 18708] {aka PI3K, p50alpha, p55alpha, p85alpha}, alp (alopecia, recessive) [NCBI Gene 11691], Mir146 (microRNA 146) [NCBI Gene 387164] {aka Mirn146, miR-146a, mmu-mir-146}, Mir21a (microRNA 21a) [NCBI Gene 387140] {aka Mir21, Mirn21, mmu-mir-21, mmu-mir-21a}, Stat6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) [NCBI Gene 20852], Canx (calnexin) [NCBI Gene 12330] {aka 1110069N15Rik, Cnx, D11Ertd153e} - **Diseases:** bacterial infection (MESH:D001424), osteoporosis (MESH:D010024), Bone defects (MESH:D001847), infection (MESH:D007239), congenital disorders (MESH:D009358), fracture (MESH:D050723), trauma (MESH:D014947), inflammation (MESH:D007249), tumors (MESH:D009369), calcification (MESH:D002114) - **Chemicals:** lipids (MESH:D008055), Alizarin Red S (MESH:C004468), baicalin (MESH:C038044), calcium (MESH:D002118), PVDF (MESH:C024865), p-nitrophenyl phosphate (MESH:C008644), EOXs (-), propidium iodide (MESH:D011419), Alizarin Red (MESH:C010078), selenium (MESH:D012643), p-nitrophenol (MESH:C024836), hydroxyapatite (MESH:D017886), titanium (MESH:D014025), vancomycin (MESH:D014640), CCK-8 (MESH:D012844), water (MESH:D014867), NaOH (MESH:D012972), SDS (MESH:D012967), MgCl2 (MESH:D015636), CaCO3 (MESH:D002119), Triton X-100 (MESH:D017830), polysaccharides (MESH:D011134) - **Species:** Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606] - **Cell lines:** MC3T3-E1 — Mus musculus (Mouse), Spontaneously immortalized cell line (CVCL_0409), MC3T3 — Mus musculus (Mouse), Spontaneously immortalized cell line (CVCL_0D74) ## Full text _Full body text omitted from this summary view._ Fetch the complete paper as Markdown: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12947552/full.md ## Figures 5 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12947552/full.md ## References 25 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12947552/full.md --- Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12947552