# Retrospective analysis of possible associations between Pneumocystis spp. and five immunosuppressive viral pathogens in three wild carnivore species

## TL;DR

This study examined the link between Pneumocystis fungi and viruses in wild carnivores, finding limited evidence of viral impact on fungal infections.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the potential interactions between Pneumocystis spp. and immunosuppressive viruses in wild carnivores.

## Key findings

- Pneumocystis spp. were detected in 40.7% of sampled animals, with no significant association with most viral pathogens.
- Co-infections of Pneumocystis spp. and PRV were found in three animals, but no clinical Pneumocystis pneumonia was observed.
- Viral loads were high in co-infected samples, but Pneumocystis loads were linked only to subclinical infections.

## Abstract

Pneumocystis spp. proliferate under immunosuppressive conditions in mammalian lungs, and several pathogens have been discussed as potential contributors to fungal proliferation. This study aimed to investigate the possible associations between Pneumocystis spp. and immunosuppressive viruses in Serbian wild mammals. A total of 108 wild carnivores – including golden jackals (Canis aureus), Eurasian badgers (Meles meles), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) – were collected from Veliko Gradište, Stara Pazova, and Ugrinovci during the 2022/2023 hunting season. The presence of Pneumocystis spp., canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2), pseudorabies virus (PRV), canine distemper virus, canine coronavirus, and canine herpesvirus was assessed using conventional PCR and real-time PCR. Pneumocystis spp. were detected in 40.7% of all sampled animals (20/60 golden jackals, 4/9 Eurasian badgers, and 20/39 red foxes). CPV-2 was detected in three golden jackals (5.0% of tested golden jackals, 2.8% of all sampled animals), while PRV was found in two golden jackals (3.3% of tested golden jackals) and three red foxes (7.7% of tested red foxes; overall 4.6%). Co-infections of Pneumocystis spp. and PRV were identified in one golden jackal and two red foxes, while Pneumocystis spp. were absent in CPV-2-positive animals. All samples tested negative for other viral pathogens. No significant differences in the pathogens’ presence were observed between age groups, sexes, or sampling locations. The mean threshold cycle (Ct) values were 33.6 for Pneumocystis spp., 24.0 for CPV-2, and 31.3 for PRV. While the CPV-2 and PRV viral loads were high in co-infected samples, Pneumocystis spp. loads were associated only with subclinical infections. These findings suggest that the examined viral pathogens were unlikely to play a significant role in the development of clinically apparent Pneumocystis pneumonia, despite their potential to modulate or impair immune function. However, given the low viral prevalence and the lack of histopathological evaluation, a potential contribution of viral immunomodulation cannot be completely excluded.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-026-05315-z.