# Free will as structured unpredictability: toward a symbiotic human–AI relationship

**Authors:** Mory Ghomshei, Karim C. Abbaspour

PMC · DOI: 10.3389/frai.2026.1694537 · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · 2026-02-13

## TL;DR

The paper proposes a framework for human-AI collaboration by modeling free will as structured unpredictability to enhance creativity and autonomy.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel conceptualization of free will as 'structured unpredictability' and extends information theory to model human-AI interactions.

## Key findings

- Free will is framed as an informational surplus that AI can mirror and amplify.
- A speculative extension of Shannon’s information theory is proposed to model human creativity.
- The framework aims to preserve human autonomy in AI-driven systems.

## Abstract

Human history has been shaped by revolutions of varying pace, with artificial intelligence (AI) emerging in mere decades. This paper introduces a preliminary framework for fostering a symbiotic human–AI relationship by integrating human free will into AI systems. We conceptualize free will as ‘structured unpredictability’ and propose a speculative extension of Shannon’s information theory to model its informational contributions. By framing free will as an informational surplus, we envision AI as a mirror and amplifier of human creativity. While theoretical, this framework lays the foundation for future empirical and computational research to preserve human autonomy and diversity in AI-driven systems.

## Full-text entities

- **Genes:** KL (klotho) [NCBI Gene 9365] {aka HFTC3, KLA}
- **Diseases:** AI (MESH:C538142)
- **Chemicals:** Gleb Vzorin (-)
- **Species:** Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606]

## Full text

_Full body text omitted from this summary view._ Fetch the complete paper as Markdown: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12947378/full.md

## Figures

3 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12947378/full.md

## References

28 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12947378/full.md

---
Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12947378