# Techno-economic optimization, sensitivity analysis and stability evaluation of a high-renewable hybrid microgrid for rural Bangladesh

## TL;DR

This paper proposes a high-renewable hybrid microgrid system for rural Bangladesh that is reliable, affordable, and grid-compliant.

## Contribution

The novel approach integrates realistic load modeling, converter constraints, and stability assessment in a single framework.

## Key findings

- A PV–wind–biogas–battery microgrid achieves 88.2% renewable penetration with a low cost of USD 0.0207/kWh.
- Solar and wind supply most energy, with limited grid support and strong cost sensitivity to solar and converter prices.
- Dynamic simulations confirm stable voltage–frequency performance compliant with Bangladesh Grid Code.

## Abstract

This study develops and evaluates a high-renewable hybrid microgrid for rural Bangladesh. The objective is to design a reliable, affordable, and grid-compliant system that supports residential, institutional, and irrigation loads. The work integrates techno-economic optimization, sensitivity analysis, and voltage–frequency stability assessment within a single framework. HOMER Pro is used to analyze multiple hybrid configurations, while MATLAB evaluates dynamic stability. The proposed contribution lies in modeling realistic field-based load profiles, incorporating converter constraints, and assessing stability across different operating conditions. A PV–wind–biogas–battery microgrid emerges as the optimal option. It achieves 88.2% renewable penetration with a net present cost of USD 206,841 and a levelized cost of energy of USD 0.0207/kWh. Solar PV and wind provide most of the annual energy, while grid support remains limited. Sensitivity analysis shows that solar and converter costs strongly influence project economics. Dynamic simulations confirm secure voltage–frequency performance and compliance with Bangladesh Grid Code limits. The results demonstrate that the proposed system offers a practical pathway for low-cost, reliable, and sustainable electrification in rural communities. The framework can also be adapted to other locations with similar resource and load characteristics.