# Beyond hypertrophy: a network physiology perspective on the cardio-neuromuscular trade-off in elite soccer

## TL;DR

This study explores how heart and muscle adaptations in elite soccer players are interconnected, revealing a trade-off between endurance and explosive power.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a network physiology approach to uncover cardio-neuromuscular trade-offs in elite athletes.

## Key findings

- Higher left ventricular mass index correlates with lower peak explosive power in elite soccer players.
- Neuromuscular variables form a tightly connected cluster, while heart metrics show specific trade-offs.
- A network-based analysis reveals targeted interference patterns between cardiovascular and neuromuscular adaptations.

## Abstract

Conventional models treat cardiovascular and neuromuscular adaptations as independent, which can hide interference between endurance and power. We investigated whether cardiac remodeling is associated with peak explosive power when adaptation is considered as an integrated system.

Nineteen male Super League soccer players completed two-dimensional echocardiography to quantify left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and performed a fifteen-repetition vertical jump test. We adjusted variables for body size and training years, then estimated a partial-correlation network with a Gaussian graphical model and ran sensitivity and subgroup checks.

The developed network was sparse and stable. A selective inverse association linked LVMI with maximal jump height (partial correlation –0.41), supported by a complementary Bayesian analysis (Bayes factor 5.70). Neuromuscular variables formed a tight positive cluster, and LVMI did not show negative coupling with other jump metrics, indicating a specific rather than global trade-off.

In elite players, a cardiac phenotype consistent with endurance support coincided with constrained peak explosive output when the system was analyzed as a whole. An interdependent network view clarifies interference patterns and points to targeted monitoring and periodization strategies for high-performance sport.