# Adjoint-based PDE-constrained optimization of viscoelastic floating membrane for maximum wave power absorption

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new optimization framework to improve the performance of viscoelastic floating membranes for wave energy absorption.

## Contribution

A novel adjoint-based PDE-constrained optimization framework is developed for optimizing viscoelastic floating membranes.

## Key findings

- The framework optimizes membrane properties for different wave frequencies, enhancing energy absorption.
- Homogeneous and inhomogeneous material properties can be systematically optimized using the proposed method.
- Automatic differentiation in Julia's Gridap ecosystem simplifies adjoint computations without manual derivation.

## Abstract

Viscoelastic floating membranes can be used as flexible wave breakers to protect coastal and offshore structures or as flexible wave energy converters. Despite their potential, the role of viscoelastic floating membranes in optimally harvesting or dissipating wave energy remains largely unexplored, particularly regarding how spatially varying material properties influence their performance. To address this gap, we develop an adjoint-based PDE-constrained optimization framework, built on a monolithic finite element formulation of the coupled fluid–structure interaction problem, to investigate and optimize the viscoelastic properties of floating membranes. This methodology enables a systematic optimization of design parameters such as the mass, tension, and damping, which govern the response of the membrane at different wave conditions. In this study we demonstrate that the proposed methodology allows for the optimization of homogeneous and inhomogeneous properties of membranes for different wave excitation frequencies, leading to significant improvements in energy absorption. The framework is implemented in Julia using the Gridap package ecosystem, which enables automatic differentiation of adjoints and avoids the need to derive complex adjoint formulations.