# Oral Bait Immunization of Eurasian Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Against African Swine Fever with “ASFV-G-ΔI177L”: Bait Performance, Immunogenicity, and Environmental Monitoring

## TL;DR

This study tests oral vaccination of wild boar against African swine fever using a live vaccine, evaluating bait performance, immune response, and environmental safety.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel approach to oral immunization of wild boar using the ASFV-G-ΔI177L vaccine and evaluates bait and environmental factors.

## Key findings

- 45% of wild boar seroconverted after oral vaccination with the ASFV-G-ΔI177L vaccine.
- Vaccine virus dissemination was limited to specific organs, with minimal environmental shedding observed.
- Bait and container performance varied, indicating a need for optimization for broader application.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: African swine fever is currently the most devastating viral disease affecting domestic and wild suids, causing major economic losses and severe impacts on natural populations. Oral immunization could become an important tool to control the panzootic and support wild pig conservation. However, this requires safe and effective vaccines, baits accepted by target species, and vaccine reservoirs that reliably release the vaccine during bait intake while maintaining vaccine integrity. Methods: We evaluated different bait types and vaccine containers in four wild Suiformes species, including Eurasian wild boar. In the same wild boar, we assessed oral vaccination with the live attenuated vaccine candidate “ASFV-G-ΔI177L”. Environmental monitoring approaches were applied to detect potential virus shedding, and vaccine immunogenicity and dissemination were evaluated. Vaccine stability was tested in vitro in two container types under different temperature conditions. Results: Bait uptake and container performance varied between manufacturers and among species. Environmental samples were largely negative for vaccine virus genome under controlled laboratory conditions, with only a few positive cotton ropes (0.43% of all samples). After oral bait vaccination, 45% (9/20) of wild boar seroconverted, with a higher proportion in animals receiving the vaccine in the slightly less attractive bait (gelatine-based). Vaccine virus dissemination was limited to a small number of organs, including gastrohepatic and mandibular lymph nodes. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that wild pigs can be vaccinated orally with “ASFV-G-ΔI177L” while virus shedding appears minimal. Although the tested baits show potential for multiple target species, baits and containers require optimization. Environmental monitoring methods also need refinement for field application.