# Study on the Simultaneous Immobilization of Soluble Phosphorus and Fluorine in Phosphogypsum Using Activated Red Mud: Mechanism and Process Optimization

## TL;DR

This study presents a cost-effective method to safely immobilize harmful phosphorus and fluorine in phosphogypsum using industrial waste, making it suitable for large-scale environmental use.

## Contribution

A sustainable and low-cost process using activated red mud to immobilize soluble P and F in phosphogypsum is developed and optimized.

## Key findings

- Phosphorus and fluorine in phosphogypsum were effectively immobilized using sulfuric acid-activated red mud and calcium hydroxide.
- Treated phosphogypsum met environmental standards with P < 0.5 mg/L and F < 10 mg/L in leachate.
- Immobilized contaminants showed long-term stability, indicating durable immobilization products.

## Abstract

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a byproduct of wet-process phosphoric acid production and contains soluble phosphorus (P), fluorine (F), and other harmful impurities in addition to calcium sulfate. Its acidic leachate enriched with P and F poses long-term risks to soil and surrounding water bodies. Owing to the incorporation of soluble P and F within calcium sulfate crystal interlayers, these contaminants are gradually released during storage, making it difficult to achieve an economically efficient and environmentally benign treatment of PG at an industrial scale. In this study, a low-cost and sustainable process for the effective and long-term immobilization of soluble P and F in PG was developed using sulfuric acid-activated red mud (RM), an industrial waste rich in Fe and Al. After pulping PG with water, activated RM was added, followed by pH adjustment with Ca(OH)2, leading to the in situ formation of amorphous calcium aluminate and calcium ferrite polymers with strong adsorption affinity toward soluble P and F. The immobilization mechanism and phase evolution were systematically investigated using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES, PS-6PLASMA SPECTROVAC, BAIRD, USA), on a Rigaku Miniflex diffractometer (Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and zeta potential analysis. The leachate of PG treated with activated RM and Ca(OH)2 contained P < 0.5 mg/L and F < 10 mg/L at pH 8.5–9.0, meeting environmental requirements (pH = 6–9, P ≤ 0.5 mg/L, F ≤ 10 mg/L). Moreover, the immobilized P and F exhibited enhanced stability during long-term stacking, indicating the formation of durable immobilization products. This study demonstrates an effective “treating waste with waste” strategy for the large-scale, environmentally safe utilization of phosphogypsum.