# Electrospun Cellulose Acetate Scaffolds with Electrosprayed Chitooligosaccharides for Bacillus subtilis Delivery and Biocontrol

## TL;DR

This study creates biodegradable scaffolds to deliver beneficial bacteria for plant protection, offering a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides.

## Contribution

A novel single-step method to produce biohybrid scaffolds for Bacillus subtilis delivery using cellulose acetate and chitooligosaccharides.

## Key findings

- The scaffolds showed enhanced hydrophilicity and supported microbial adhesion and sporulation.
- Bacillus subtilis delivered via the scaffolds effectively inhibited multiple plant pathogens.
- The platform is biodegradable, sustainable, and maintains mechanical flexibility.

## Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable agriculture necessitates the development of eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides. This study reports the design and characterization of biodegradable fibrous mats for the delivery of Bacillus subtilis, a plant-beneficial biocontrol agent, using cellulose acetate (CA) scaffolds functionalized with chitooligosaccharides (COS). Electrospun CA fibers were coated by electrospraying with COS or COS/B. subtilis suspensions in a single-step process to produce open, porous biohybrid scaffolds. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed uniform fiber formation and successful deposition of COS and bacterial layers, while ATR-FTIR spectroscopy verified the chemical composition of the fibrous mats. Water contact angle measurements indicated a shift from hydrophobic to highly hydrophilic surfaces, enhancing microbial adhesion and moisture-mediated activation. Mechanical testing demonstrated that thin COS coatings slightly improved tensile strength without compromising flexibility. Viability assays confirmed that encapsulated B. subtilis remained viable and capable of sporulation, and dual-culture assays demonstrated effective inhibition of Alternaria solani, Fusarium avenaceum, and Rhizoctonia solani. These results indicate that the electrospun/electrosprayed CA/COS platform provides a protective, sustainable, and effective delivery system for biocontrol agents. This approach offers a promising strategy for reducing reliance on synthetic pesticides while maintaining crop protection efficacy.