# Explainable Machine Learning for Tower-Radar Monitoring of Wind Turbine Blades: Fine-Grained Blade Recognition Under Changing Operational Conditions

## TL;DR

This paper explores how radar data can be used to identify wind turbine blades using machine learning, even as conditions change.

## Contribution

The study reveals unique blade features detectable by radar and shows these features remain useful despite changing environmental conditions.

## Key findings

- Each rotor blade has unique structural features detectable by radar.
- These features remain identifiable under changing environmental and operational conditions.
- Low-level radar information is crucial for accurate blade classification.

## Abstract

This paper evaluates a data-driven classification approach of operational wind turbine blades based on consecutive tower-radar measurements that are each compressed in a two-dimensional slow-time to range representation (radargram). Like many real-world machine learning systems, installed tower-radar systems face some key challenges: (i) transferability to new operational contexts, (ii) impediments due to evolving environmental and operational conditions (EOCs), and (iii) limited explainability of their deep neural decisions. These challenges are addressed here with a set of structured machine learning studies. The unique field data comes from a sensor box equipped with a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar (33.4–36 GHz frequency range). Relevant parts of the radargram that contribute to a decision of the used convolutional neural networks were identified by a class-sensitive visualization technique named GuidedGradCAM (Guided Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping). The following main contributions are provided to the field of tower-radar monitoring (TRM) in the context of wind energy applications: (i) every individual rotor blade holds a number of characteristic structural features revealed by the radar sensor, which can be used to discriminate rotor blades from the same turbine via neural networks; (ii) those unique features are not agnostic to changing EOCs; and (iii) pixel-level distortions reveal the necessity of low-level information for a precise rotor blade classification.