# Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Revealed the Synergistic Regulatory Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance in Soybean (Kefeng 1)

## TL;DR

This study identifies key genes and mechanisms in soybean that help it tolerate salt stress, offering insights for breeding salt-tolerant crops.

## Contribution

The study reveals novel synergistic regulatory mechanisms and candidate genes for salt tolerance in soybean roots.

## Key findings

- Kefeng 1 maintains Na+/K+ ion homeostasis via CHX15 and CAX3 up-regulation and CNGC13 down-regulation.
- Salt tolerance in Kefeng 1 involves PIN3-mediated auxin homeostasis and enhanced antioxidant systems.
- Glyma.09G117900 (PIN3) and Glyma.19G244200 (AKR1) are identified as hub genes critical for salt tolerance.

## Abstract

Soil salinisation has become one of the major abiotic stresses limiting crop growth in the world. To enhance soybean productivity on saline lands, understanding its salt-stress response and underlying mechanisms is necessary. In this study, the salt-tolerant soybean Kefeng 1 and the salt-sensitive soybean Qihuang 1 were used to elucidate the synergistic regulatory networks underlying soybean salt tolerance. After 12 days of 150 mM NaCl treatment, both varieties were subjected to phenotypic evaluation, physiological measurements, and integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. The results showed that the salt tolerance in Kefeng 1 primarily originated from its root. Under salt stress, Kefeng 1 maintained Na+/K+ ion homeostasis by up-regulating Cation/H+ Exchanger 15 (CHX15) and Cation Exchanger 3 (CAX3), and down-regulating Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel 13 (CNGC13). Furthermore, Kefeng 1 stabilised auxin (IAA) homeostasis by inhibiting IAA biosynthesis and regulating concentrations through PIN-FORMED 3 (PIN3)-mediated efflux. It also scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) by employing enhanced enzymatic antioxidant systems, specifically aldo-keto reductase 1 (AKR1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT), alongside non-enzymatic antioxidants like the isoflavone genistein. Gene–metabolite correlation network analysis identified Glyma.09G117900 (PIN3) and Glyma.19G244200 (AKR1) as two hub genes. These two genes were specifically up-regulated in Kefeng 1 root under NaCl stress, and the proteins they encoded played important roles in salt tolerance in Kefeng 1 root as described above. Accordingly, these two genes were identified as candidate genes for salt tolerance in Kefeng 1. This study offered a theoretical framework and genetic resources for developing salt-tolerant soybean cultivars.