# Chemical Profiling, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Farsetia aegyptia and Zilla spinosa: Integrated In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Studies

## TL;DR

This study explores the anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties of two plants, Farsetia aegyptia and Zilla spinosa, using various models and identifies key compounds responsible for these effects.

## Contribution

The study integrates in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods to identify novel anti-inflammatory compounds in two understudied plant species.

## Key findings

- Aqueous extracts of both plants showed strong anti-inflammatory activity in animal models.
- Quercetin 3-[rhamnosyl-(1->2)-rhamnosyl-(1->6)-glucoside] exhibited the best docking score against 5-lipoxygenase.
- Both extracts significantly inhibited lipoxygenase with low IC50 values.

## Abstract

Plants are a rich source of active metabolites that have been used to treat inflammation troubles. The current study aimed to identify the analgesic and anti-inflammatory compounds in Farsetia aegyptia and Zilla spinosa extracts. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the xylene-induced ear edema model in mice and the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in Wistar rats. Additionally, both central and peripheral analgesic effects were assessed in mice. The anti-lipoxygenase activity was examined through an in vitro enzyme inhibition assay. The phytochemical composition of the bioactive extracts was characterized using High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (HR-LCMS). The aqueous extracts of both species exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory activity. The F. aegyptia extract showed inhibition percentages of 51.82% at 6.25 mg/kg and 51.14% at 0.78 mg/kg, while the Z. spinosa extract yielded 65.05% inhibition at 12.5 mg/kg and 56.14% at 1.56 mg/kg in the paw and ear edema models, respectively. These extracts also demonstrated significant analgesic activity and inhibited lipoxygenase, with IC50 values of 0.063 mg/mL for F. aegyptia and 0.072 mg/mL for Z. spinosa. HR-LCMS analysis revealed that the main constituent in Fa was malic acid (18.83%), while retronecine (19.03%) was the primary compound in Z. spinosa. Quercetin 3-[rhamnosyl-(1->2)-rhamnosyl-(1->6)-glucoside] was detected in both extracts with important proportions 7.87% in F. aegyptia and 8.29% in Z. spinosa and displayed the best docking score of −9.2 kcal/mol against the 5-lipoxygenase receptor (PDB: 3V99) in molecular docking studies. Overall, these findings indicate that F. aegyptia and Z. spinosa have significant potential as sources of novel anti-inflammatory agents.