# Beyond the Cuff: State-of-the-Art on Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring

## TL;DR

This paper reviews cuffless blood pressure monitoring technologies that could replace traditional uncomfortable methods with continuous, non-invasive alternatives.

## Contribution

A comprehensive taxonomy and critical analysis of cuffless BP monitoring technologies and their translational challenges.

## Key findings

- Cuffless technologies like radar and optical sensors enable continuous BP estimation.
- ML and sensor fusion improve accuracy but face challenges in diverse populations.
- Current systems struggle to meet clinical standards for widespread adoption.

## Abstract

Blood pressure (BP) monitoring is crucial for identifying high BP (hypertension) and is an important aspect of patient care. However, traditional cuff-based methods for BP monitoring are unsuitable for continuous monitoring and can cause discomfort to patients. This survey critically examines the emerging field of cuffless BP monitoring, highlighting advances beyond traditional cuff-based methods. Technologies such as radar, optical, acoustic, and capacitive sensors offer the potential for continuous, non-invasive BP estimation, enabling applications in remote health monitoring and ambient clinical intelligence. We introduce a unifying taxonomy covering sensing modalities, physiological measurement principles, signal processing techniques, and translational challenges. Emphasis is placed on methods that eliminate subject-specific calibration, overcome motion artifacts, and satisfy international validation standards. The review also analyses Machine Learning (ML) and sensor fusion approaches that enhance predictive accuracy. Despite encouraging results, challenges remain in achieving clinically acceptable accuracy across diverse populations and real-world conditions. This work delineates the current landscape, benchmarks performance against gold standards, and identifies key future directions for scalable, explainable, and regulatory-compliant BP monitoring systems.